1. Industrial Workers and Labor Unions “Gilded Age”

2. Labor Day
The First Labor Day is celebrated in New York City in The federal Labor Day is holiday is proclaimed in 1894 by Congress, to be held on the 1st Monday in September. Meanwhile European labor movements are begin to spread to the U.S., with many radicals among them, including Marxian Socialists, anarchists and communists.

3. City Life
"Back in 1880, it was wise to watch where you walked. Horse-drawn trolleys provided the main form of transportation and pollution increased. Horses can produce 20 to 30 pounds of manure a day. Multiply that times a couple thousand, and you've got quite a mess. By the 1890s, electric streetcars had replaced horse drawn vehicles, running above or below ground to avoid the crowded streets. After Henry Ford introduced his Model T car in 1908, a pedestrian soon had to dodge not only the streetcars, but also a new urban menace--the automobile. Strangely enough, paved streets came about late in the century at the urging of bicyclists, not the automobile drivers.”

6. Mass Transit
Trollies
cars
Train
Subway
Wagons
bicycles

7. 1871 Chicago Fire
Great Chicago Fire, burned from October 8 to October 10, 1871, and destroyed thousands of buildings, killed an estimated 300 people and caused an estimated $200 million in damages.
Legend has it that a cow kicked over a lantern in a barn and started the fire, but other theories hold that humans or even a meteor might have been responsible for the event that left an area of about four miles long and almost a mile wide of the Windy City, including its business district, in ruins.
Following the blaze, reconstruction efforts began quickly and spurred great economic development and population growth.

9. 1893 Chicago Columbian Exposition
City Planning developed & new tech displayed like elevators, trolley, military howitzers, old ships, electric lights and night and walkways
Celebrate 400 years from Columbus
Rebuilding of Chicago from fire
George Ferris built his wheel
Olmstead built the grand park
Buffalo Bill performed and Frederick Jackson Turner lectured on the end of frontier

10. Factory
Large amounts of people were needed to work in the mass production factory system
Products were created in the factory system
Unsafe
Dangerous

12. Work Force
Work Force: Many of the workers were new immigrants from Europe or rural farmlands of America (working class)
African Americans usually worked as laborers for less than factory workers
Management-new middle class growth and these people would find more leisure time.

13. Wages Employees worked for wages
There were no federal minimum wages during the Industrial Revolution (not until 1935)
Employees worked off wage per hour worked
Employers/Management worked off salary or annual pay (each week, two weeks, or month)

14. Child Labor
By /6 of children between held a job

15. Working Conditions 10 hour work days 6 day work weeks
No paid vacations
No sick leave
No set wages
No compensation for injuries and loss of job!
Work sped up as demand increased
Terrible accidents with new unsafe machines and factories

16. Sweatshops
Factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, where manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions.
Worst workshops
Garment industry (clothes, bags)
Crowded tenement workshop buildings

19. Worker Protection
Craft Union: members hold specific job like plumbers or welders
Trade Union: members hold a broad range of occupations but with the same trade or industry like steel, auto, ..

20. Union/Closed Shop
Union Shop: employers may hire nonunion workers who must join a labor union within an agreed time
Pre-closed Shop: Employers agree to hire union members only for a job
Employees must remain in union as long as they work for that company
Post-closed Shop: New employees who are hired must join union right away after being hired
Taft-Hartley Act outlawed the closed shop method in 1947

21. 1869 Knights of Labor Philadelphia Terence Powderly Reformers
Accept unskilled laborers, women, African Americans and employers as members
1886 over 700,000 members
Pressed for 8 hour workday
End of child labor
Equal pay

22. 1886 American Federation of Labor
Samuel Gompers organized workers and formed the AFL Union
Increased wages and shorter work weeks
Promoted harmony among craft unions among the AFL

23. Yellow-dog Contract
1920s
Unlawful contracts that forced employees to sign a contract that they will not join a union before being hired
The National Labor Relations Board outlawed Yellow-dog contracts to protect workers
1932 Senator George Norris and Congressman Fiorello LaGuardia passed the Norris-LaGuardia Act which outlawed the Yellow-dog contracts

24. Blacklist or Blackball
American employees were blacklisted or known as trouble makers if they joined unions
Employees forbid workers from joining unions
REJECT!

25. Worker’s Strike When talks fell through, workers refuse to work
Work stoppage: costs employers money each day work stops
Picket- hold signs and peacefully protest in front of company that is bad
More rights or benefits

26. Scabs
Workers who are not union and cross strikers and take strikers jobs.
Work for less and just want a job
No loyalty and hurt the worker who is on strike
Many violent outbursts between strikers and scabs

27. Company Lockout
Sometimes companies knew that workers were going to sabotage the factory so they were locked out.

28. Injunction
Sometimes the court would rule that strikes or lockouts were illegal and issue an injunction
A court Order that requires a group or company to refrain or do a specific act
Criminal penalty if the group or company does not comply with the court order (law)

29. Great Strike of 1877!

30. The Great Railroad Strike 1877
First major strike
Several northern railroad companies cut wages in 1877
Workers refused to work, stopped freight trains and blocked the railroad lines
Lasted for a week
Federal Government stepped in and called state militias to put down strike
Militias killed some strikers over 100 people died from strike
Federal troops called in and ended strike

31. Haymarket Riot

32. Haymarket Riot 1886 Wage cuts again in many industries
Violence between workers and police
Chicago
Crowds protested violent police action
A bomb was thrown in the crowd, gunfire erupted and people panicked
Over 100 injured and 11 died
People blamed foreign born unionists for the violence
Americans blamed immigrants or foreigners for problems

33. Xenophobia Fear of foreigners Arrests of foreign born Americans
Led to arrest of 8 men who were charged with conspiracy
Had foreign sounding names!
Fear and Anger towards foreigners!

34. Homestead Strike

35. Homestead Strike 1892 Carnegie Steel Industry Pennsylvania
5 Months long
Managers held a lock-out (refuse workers to work)
Workers were fearful of increasing production (dangerous) and seized the plant
Police detectives were hired by the company to control the situation (Pinkertons)
Gun battle emerged and 16 people died
Governor called in state militia to end the strike

36. Pullman Strike

37. Pullman Strike 1893 Pullman Company laid off 1/3rd of company
Cut wages of remaining workers but rent stayed the same
Eugene Debs (American Railway Union) led the workers on a strike
President Grover Cleveland called in federal troops to end strike as it stopped US Mail
Strike collapsed and workers who did not quit the ARU were blacklisted

38. Pennsylvania
Molly Maguires were convicted of murder and other crimes in Pennsylvania and were executed by hanging in 1877 and 1878.
Fought against bad worker treatment
Ireland and US

39. Socialism Ideas came from Europe
Late 1800s ideas that went against Capitalist industries that hurt the workers
State or group ownership of property
More regulation and equal distribution of profits
Cooperatives are a type of “all benefit for the common good” ideas
Industrialists and Republicans feared

40. Eugene Debs
Eugene Victor "Gene" Debs was an American union leader, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World, and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States

41.  Trolley: There is a runaway trolley barreling down the railway tracks. Ahead, on the tracks, there are five people. The trolley is headed straight for them. You are standing some distance off in the train yard, next to a lever. If you pull this lever, the trolley will switch to a different set of tracks. Unfortunately, you notice that there is one person on the side track. You have two options: (1) Do nothing, and the trolley kills the five people on the main track. (2) Pull the lever, diverting the trolley onto the side track where it will kill one person

42.  Fat Man: There is a runaway trolley headed toward five people again
 Fat Man: There is a runaway trolley headed toward five people again. Only, this time, you are not in the train yard next to a lever. You are on a bridge, watching the events from above the tracks. There is a very large man next to you. You realize that, if you push him off the bridge and down onto the tracks below, the trolley will hit and kill him, but his body is so large that it will stop the trolley before it reaches the five endangered people. You have two options: (1) Do nothing, and the trolley kills the five people. (2) Push the large man off the bridge, so that he dies, but the five others are saved.