1. Principles and methods of pest control:
Cultural control measures,
Physical control measures, Mechanical Control measures,
Chemical control measures.
Types and mode of action.
Insecticidal formulations and dilutions.
Drawbacks of chemical control.
Biological control measures:
Biological agents,
Advantages and Drawbacks of Biological control,
Biological Control Management.

2. Pest Control Tactics
They kill the pest directly -- usually by exposing it to lethal substances or unsuitable environmental conditions.
They reduce the reproductive potential of a pest population -- often by modifying its environment (biotic or abiotic) or by restricting its movement.
They modify the pest's behavior to make it less troublesome (attract it, repel it, confuse it, exclude it, mislead it).
The control tactics that are commonly used today can be grouped into two broad categories:  
Natural controls and artificial controls.   By definition, a natural control may be any environmental factor that keeps a pest population below its economic injury level.  
Examples might include geographic barriers, cold temperatures, or natural enemies that keep population growth in check.  
Artificial controls, on the other hand, employ products or processes of human origin to modify a pest's distribution, behavior or physiology.  
Fly swatters and insecticides are two obvious examples.

3. Cultural control
In agriculture cultural control is the practice of modifying the growing environment to reduce the prevalence of unwanted pests. Examples include changing soil pH or fertility levels, irrigation practices, amount of sunlight, temperature, or the use of beneficial animals (e.g. chickens) or insects (e.g. ladybugs). Cultural controls are the oldest methods that have been used to manage pest populations. cultural controls are preventative rather than curative they are dependent on long-range planning
Choose plant and crop species or cultivars that are naturally more competitive. This can include using plant species that suppress other plant species by the release of toxins.
Use high quality (large and plump) seeds, as they are more likely to produce vigorous and competitive plants.
Use increased seeding rates and narrow row spacing.

4. Use shallow seeding techniques, where possible, to allow the desired species to grow above the soil surface more quickly.
Ensure the desired plant is placed in the optimum growing environment.
Use fertilisers in the optimal growth period to encourage rapid growth of the desired species.
If possible use plant species that are native to the local environment.
Make it hard for weeds to adapt to weed management techniques. Using the same land management routines year after year may result in weeds adapting to these practices. Some practices that make it hard for weeds to adapt and therefore reduce their spread and vigour include:
Rotate crops: if a weed has adapted to grain crops continuously being sown, then alternating with a broadleaf crop will remove the environmental condition to which the weed has adapted.
Rotate species with different seasonal and growing cycles.
Rotate herbicides with different modes of action to help delay the development of herbicide resistance.

5. ADVANTAGES:
Cultural controls are generally the cheapest of all control measures because they usually only require modifications to normal production practices.
Sometimes they do not even require extra labour, only careful planning.
Often they are the only control measures that are profitable for high acreage of low value crops.
Cultural controls are dependable, and are usually specific.
Do not possess some of the detrimental side effects of pesticides, namely the creation of resistance to pesticides, undesirable residues in food, feed crops and the environment, and the killing of non-target organisms.

6. DISADVANTAGES:
Cultural controls require long-term planning for greatest effectiveness and they need careful timing.
They are often based on the substitution of knowledge and skills for purchased inputs and, as such, are more demanding on the farmer's competence.
They may be effective for one pest but may be ineffective against a closely related species.
Effectiveness of cultural controls is difficult to assess and they do not always provide complete economic control of pests.
Some cultural controls have adverse effects on fish and wildlife and may also cause erosion problems.

7. CULTURAL CONTROLS INCLUDE:
SELECTION OF SITE:
PLANTING DESIGN AND MANAGEMENT:
- crop isolation
- planting density and spacing
- mixed cropping...inter- and intra- crop diversity
- timing of seeding and planting
- crop rotations
- destruction of volunteer plants
- replacement of alternate hosts
- management of trap crops
- management of nursery crops
- management of surrounding environments

8. MAINTENANCE OF SITE:
- cultivation, tillage
- fertilization, liming and manuring
- pruning, defoliation, thinning and topping
- irrigation, drainage
- sanitation......crop residue destruction
clean field borders
weed control
- mulches
HARVESTING PROCEDURES:
- timing of harvesting
- strip harvesting

9. IMPLEMENTATION OF CULTURAL CONTROLS
For the above cultural controls to achieve their potential, the following initiatives will need to be taken.
1. Policy
Governments will need to establish a clear food and agriculture policy that recognizes that the primary function of the food system is to nourish all members of the population in a sustainable way
2. Legislation
Legislation should be established to permit the appropriate government departments to, if necessary, develop regulations that would require farmers to cooperate in the application of certain cultural control programs,
3. Research
Governments must designate appropriate amounts of money to support the establishment of research related to sustainable systems of food production, including the use of cultural methods of pest control.
4. Services
At the present time a widely reported complaint by farmers wishing to avoid the use of pesticides is that most extension agents or agronomes are unable to help them solve their pest problems

10. 5. Training and Education
4. Services
At the present time a widely reported complaint by farmers wishing to avoid the use of pesticides is that most extension agents or agronomes are unable to help them solve their pest problems
5. Training and Education
The success of most of the above recommendations are dependent on widespread access to comprehensive educational programs covering the design and use of cultural controls.
6. Public Education
Although public awareness is shifting, much work still needs to be done to help the public to realize that most insects are beneficial and that cosmetic quality of food is not a reliable indicator of nutritional quality. , cultural methods of pest controls have been described under the headings of selection of site, planting design and management, maintenance of site, and harvesting procedures. Implementation of these controls are discussed in relation to policy, legislation, research, services, training and education, and public education.

11. Physical pest control
Physical Pest Control is a method of getting rid of insects and small rodents by removing, attacking, or setting up barriers that will prevent further destruction of one's plants. These methods are used primarily for crop growing, but some methods can be applied to homes as well.
1 Methods
1 Barriers 2 Traps 3 Fire 4 Temperature Control
1 Barriers
Yellow sticky trap
UV Bug Zapper
1 Barriers
Row covers are useful for keeping insects out of one’s plants, typically used for horticultural crops. They are made out of either plastic or polyester. They are made thin and light to allow plants to still absorb sunshine and water from the air.[1]
Diatomaceous earth, made from fossilized and pulverized silica shells, can be used in order to damage
the protective cuticle layer of insects that have them, such as ants. When this layer is damaged, the insects become vulnerable to drying out.

12. Traps
Fly paper or sticky boards are devices used in order to capture insects as they land upon the surface of the trap. They are covered in a substance that attracts insects, but are actually very sticky or poisonous. These traps are commonly used for flies or leafhoppers.
Trap strips are crops that are grown on fields with the intention of using them to attract insects and not have insects infest the other crops that are being grown.
Fire 
For farmers, fire has been a powerful technique used to destroy insect breeding grounds. It is used to burn the top of the soil in order to kill the insects that lie there. Unfortunately, this can present some drawbacks. Fire can make the soil much less effective or get rid of the insects that are beneficial to the plants. Also, there is no guarantee that it will actually solve the pest problems since there may be larvae below the surface of the soil
Temperature Control
Placing produce inside of cold storage containers lengthens how long the produce lasts while also hindering the growth of insects inside of them. Another method to use is to heat, as it will kill the insect larvae in certain types of produce.
An example would be with mangoes, where they are placed into a hot water bath in order to kill any eggs and larvae