1. Chapter 10 Lesson 10.3 Cerebral concussion: Cerebral contusion:
Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Thromboti
Embolic
Hemorrhagic
Migraine LP
TIA
encephal/o
Journal question: How is a severed electrical cord similar to a nerve that has been cut?

2. Chapter Goals
Define several pathological conditions affecting the nervous system.
Describe some laboratory tests, clinical procedures, and abbreviations that pertain to the system.
Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their proper contexts, such as medical reports and records. 2

3. Pathology Congenital Disorders Hydrocephalus Spina bifida
Spina bifida cystica
Spina bifida occulta
How is hydrocephalus treated?
What are the two types of spina bifida? Ask students to describe the differences between the two types.

4. Degenerative, Movement, and Seizure Disorders
Alzheimer disease (AD)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Epilepsy
Huntington disease
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
Myasthenia gravis (MG)
Palsy
Parkinson disease
Tourette syndrome
Which conditions are movement related?
Which conditions are degenerative?

5. Infectious Disorders Herpes zoster (shingles) Meningitis
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalopathy
What is a viral infection caused by chickenpox?
What types of meningitis exist, and how is meningitis treated?
What is the most malignant form of brain tumor?

6. Traumatic Disorders Cerebral concussion: Cerebral contusion:
Temporary brain dysfunction after injury
Usually clears within 24 hours
Cerebral contusion:
Bruising of brain tissue through direct trauma to head
Neurological deficits persist longer than 24 hours
What is the primary difference between a concussion and a contusion?

7. Vascular Disorders Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA)
Thrombotic — blood clot in artery leaving to the brain
Embolic — dislodged clot that travels to cerebral arteries
Hemorrhagic — a blood vessel, such as the cerebral artery breaks, and bleeding occurs
Migraine — severe, recurring, unilateral, vascular headache
What is the primary difference between a concussion and a contusion?

8. Vascular Disorders (cont’d)
There are three types of cerebrovascular accident (CVA): thrombotic, embolic, and hemorrhagic.
What is another name for CVA?
What causes a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?

9. Clinical Procedures X-ray Tests Other Procedures Cerebral angiography
Computed tomography (CT) of the brain
Myelography
Other Procedures
MRI—Magnetic resonance Imaging
PET—Positron emission scan
EEG—Electroencephalography
Which x-ray uses a contrast medium?

10. Abbreviations Abbreviations AD AFP Alzheimer disease ALS
AVM
CNS
CSF CT
CVA
Alzheimer disease
alpha-fetoprotein
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
arteriovenous malformation
central nervous system
cerebrospinal fluid
computed tomography
cerebrovascular accident
Which items are disorders or injuries, and which are procedures?

11. Abbreviations (cont’d)
EEG
GABA
ICP LP
MAC MG
MRA
MRI
electroencephalogram
gamma-aminobutyric acid (neurotransmitter)
intracranial pressure; normal pressure is 5 to 15 mmHG
lumbar puncture
monitored anesthetic care
myasthenia gravis
magnetic resonance angiography
magnetic resonance imaging
Which items are pathologies, and which are tests?
What is an EEG used to measure?

12. Abbreviations (cont’d)
1/2 P
PCA
PNS
PET Sz
TBI
TENS
TIA
TLE
tPA
hemiparesis
patient-controlled anesthesia
peripheral nervous system
positron emission tomography
seizure
traumatic brain injury
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
transient ischemic attack
temporal lobe epilepsy
tissue plasminogen activator
Which of the items listed above are pathologies? Describe them.

13. Practical Applications
What symptoms signal nervous system problems?
What tests are conducted to diagnose these problems?
Why are an MRI and an MRA ordered?
What are common pathologies of the nervous system?

14. Review Sheet (cont’d) alges/o sensitivity to pain angi/o vessel, blood
COMBINING FORMS
alges/o sensitivity to pain
angi/o vessel, blood
caus/o burn, burning
cephal/o head
cerebell/o cerebellum
cerebr/o cerebrum
Combining Form Meaning

15. Review Sheet (cont’d) comat/o deep sleep crani/o skull cry/o cold
COMBINING FORMS
comat/o deep sleep
crani/o skull
cry/o cold
dur/o dura mater
encephal/o brain
esthesi/o nervous sensation
Combining Form Meaning

16. Review Sheet (cont’d) gli/o glue hydr/o water kines/o movement
COMBINING FORMS
gli/o glue
hydr/o water
kines/o movement
lept/o thin, slender
lex/o word, phrase
mening/o, meningi/o membranes, meninges
my/o muscle
Combining Form Meaning

17. Review Sheet (cont’d) myel/o spinal cord narc/o sleep neur/o nerve
COMBINING FORMS
myel/o spinal cord
narc/o sleep
neur/o nerve
olig/o scanty
pont/o pons
radicul/o nerve root
Combining Form Meaning

18. Review Sheet (cont’d) spin/o spine syncop/o cut off tax/o order
COMBINING FORMS
spin/o spine
syncop/o cut off
tax/o order
thalam/o thalamus
thec/o sheath (refers to meninges)
troph/o nourishment
vag/o vagus nerve
Combining Form Meaning