1. ERA 4: : Expansion & Reform 1801-1861

2. Thomas Jefferson & the Louisiana Purchase
Chapter 6 Section 3 : Jefferson Alters the Nation’s Course

3. Thomas Jefferson Elected (3rd) President 1800 Social Perspective:
Admired farmers
Hard working, independent, honest
“virtuous” people

4. Jefferson & Territorial Expansion
In 1800, Napoleon (France)
Acquired Louisiana Territory From Spain
Jefferson became interested in this territory

5. Jefferson & Territorial Expansion
T. Jefferson offered French $10 million
For New Orleans & land connected to Florida !!

6. Louisiana Purchase, 1803 Negotiations Napoleon asked for:
$15 MILLION OR .03 cents and acre
For New Orleans, and ENTIRE Louisiana Territory!
$3.12 an acre modern currency !

7. The Size of U.S. DOUBLED Overnight!

8. The Louisiana Purchase

9. LEWIS AND CLARK EXPEDITIONS 1804-1806
Jefferson’s plan:
Sent Meriwether Lewis & William Clark
1. To explore territory
2. Find a route to the Pacific Ocean

10. The Lewis & Clark Expedition, 1804-1806
Began in: St. Louis Missouri
Ended in: Oregon Coast
Wrote “Journals”
Field notes (Accounts w/ various Native American Tribes)
Sketches (animals, plants, people, geography)
Drew Maps

11. The Real Sacagawea/ Explorer Style Fc

12. SIGNIFICANCE of Lewis & Clark
1. educated Americans about land “out west”
2. Warned about hardships future settlers would face (rough terrain, weather, native Americans)
3. Found a route which led to Pacific Ocean

13. Problems with Great Britain…
1807 British ship U.S. ship Chesapeake
3 Americans died
4 American sailors forced into impressment –(American sailors are kidnapped and forced to join British Navy)

14. Embargo Act, 1807
Prohibited U.S. ships from anchoring in foreign ports
Jefferson hoped to cripple Britain’s (& France’s) economy

15. The Embargo Act Backfired
U.S. was hurt economically – no trade!!
30,000 sailors out of work
Hundreds merchants went bankrupt
Farmers in debt

16. James Madison & the War of 1812
Chapter 6 Section 4: The War of 1812

17. 1808 James Madison (4th President)
Immediate policy:
Re-opened trade with all nations except Britain & France
Britain retaliated by refusing to trade with U.S.

18. War of 1812- “Mr. Madison’s War”
Official Causes:
1. British Impressment
2. British violations of U.S. neutrality
3. British alliance with Native Americans

19. U.S. Declared War on Britain 6/1/1812
Underlying Causes:
1. Economic recession- British trade policy affected American Economy
2. Tension between U.S & Britain following the Revolutionary War

20. American Military Plan:
Troops were sent to Canada, Summer 1812
Canada was a British territory
American troops burned buildings in Toronto
Were defeated by British

21. The British are Coming! The British descended upon Washington D.C.!
The Battle of “Bladensburg”
American troops fled without firing a shot

22. Dolley Madison’s(President’s Wife) Letter- August 23-24, 1814
“Will you believe it sister? We have had a battle near Bladensburg, and here I am still within sound of Cannon!...At this late hour a wagon has been procured, and I have filled it with plate and most valuable portable articles belonging to the house…”

23. What did Dolley Madison “SAVE”??

24. Dolly Madison’s Letter August 23-24, 1814
“…I insist on waiting until the large picture of George Washington is secured…” 

25. Dolley Madison – Mini BioU

26. The British Arrived at the Presidential Mansion…
Ate the food on the dinner table..
And Burned Presidential Mansion and other public buildings in Washington D.C. 

27. War of 1812 Ended -August 1814
Treaty of Ghent – Peace Treaty signed 1814
restored status quo ante bellum (the state of things before the war)
Established boundary between U.S. & Canada

28. SIDENOTE! Battle of New Orleans
December, 1814
British Troops attacked Americans in New Orleans
No one told them war was over!!
American General Andrew Jackson defeated British…

29. OUTCOME… 1. Increased nationalism/American Identity
2. Francis Scott Key inspired to compose
“The Star Spangled Banner”
3. Presidential mansion re-named “white house”

30. Francis Scott key Writes the Star Spangled Banner (National Anthem)

31. “Star Spangled Banner,” 1814
Oh, say can you see by the dawn's early light What so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming? Whose broad stripes and bright stars thru the perilous fight, O'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming? And the rocket's red glare, the bombs bursting in air, Gave proof through the night that our flag was still there. Oh, say does that star-spangled banner yet wave O'er the land of the free and the home of the brave?

32. Andrew Jackson & Westward Expansion
Chapter 7 Section 3

33. Controversy: Missouri Statehood 1820-1821
1819 House of Reps
Considered admitting Missouri as a state
16% inhabitants were slaves

34. Missouri Statehood 1820-1821 In 1819 Union had: 11 Free states
11 Slave states
If Missouri was admitted as slave state ,It would Upset balance

35. Missouri Compromise, 1820 1820 congress admitted:
1. Missouri as a slave state
2. Maine as a Free State
3. Prohibited slavery in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase territory
North of latitude 36-30

36. Also in 1819…
Adams- Onis Treaty : U.S. purchased Florida from Spain

37. Americans Start Moving West
Indiana
Mississippi
Illinois
Alabama
Maine
Missouri
1840’s
California
Oregon / West

38. Early Pioneers Migrated as families
Settled near Ohio & Mississippi Rivers

39. Andrew Jackson President 1828-1837
Encouraged movement of white settlers west
Saw Native Americans as obstacle

40. Indian Removal Act, 1830
Immediate “re- settlement” of Native Americans living in:
Mississippi, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, present day Illinois

41.
100,000 Native Americans
Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, Seminole
Forced to leave their ancestral lands

42. Trail of Tears, 1838 U.S. General Winfield Scott & 7,000 troops
Sent to re-locate
Cherokees who refused to move

43. Trail of Tears, 1838 Forced to walk 800 miles to Oklahoma territory
4,000 died along the way

44. Trail Where They Cried…
“The mothers of the Cherokee grieved so much that the chiefs prayed for a sign to lift the mother's spirits and give them strength to care for their children. From that day forward, a beautiful new flower, a rose, grew wherever a mother's tear fell to the ground. The rose is white, for the mother's tears. It has a gold center, for the gold taken from the Cherokee lands, and seven leaves on each stem that represent the seven Cherokee clans that made the journey. To this day, the Cherokee Rose prospers along the route of the "Trail of Tears".

45. Indian Removal Act, 1830 Cherokee vs. Georgia
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46. James Polk & The Mexican- American War 1846-1848
Chapter 9 Section 3 - Expansion in Texas
Chapter 9 Section 4 – The War With Mexico

47. West Ward Expansion 1800’s

48. Background Info: Mexico gained independence from Spain 1821
most of Latin America was under Spanish control

49. Most of the Southwest Including Texas
Was Spanish territory (until 1821)
Became Mexican Territory after 1821

50. From Spanish to Mexican Lands
Example: San Gabriel Mission was founded by Spanish Priests
El Pueblo de Nuestra Señora del Rio de Porciuncula de Los Angeles was founded 1781

51. For Fun!

52. The Mexican State of Coahuila-Texas
Spanish-Mexican population TEJANOS

53. The Mexican Government
Originally welcomed American settlers in Texas…
Offered land to American settlers for a few cents an acre
were given 3 CONDITIONS

54. The Mexican Government
Asked that all “American” settlers:
1. Learn Spanish
2. Convert to Catholicism
3. Become Mexican citizens

55. Stephen F. Austin
Mexican Government allowed him & group to settle in Texas, 1823

56. Stephen Austin Started A Colony
in central Texas in with…
300 original American Settlers
By 1824 : 2,000 American settlers
By 1835: 30,000!!!

57. Tensions Between Groups
1. Americans did not adhere to Mexican laws
2. Americans outnumbered Mexican population
Ex: By 1830, Texas had:
20,000 white settlers
1,000-5,000 African slaves
6,000 Mexicans

58. Tensions Between Groups…
Mexican Government forbade slavery and the importation of slaves into Texas
Slavery was against the law in Mexico

59. The Mexican Government
1. Forbade further immigration of American settlers into Texas in 1830!
2. Banned slavery
3. Demanded all Americans convert to Catholicism

60. Friction Intensified…
Americans started to demand a state of their own.
General Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna became dictator of Mexico 1834

61. “American” Texans Rebelled in 1835!!
Santa Anna ordered all Americans EXPELLED
And Arrested rebels

62. Siege at The Alamo
Texan-American troops, townspeople stationed at the adobe structure
Siege lasted 13 days
Mexican army asked them to surrender
Americans fired a cannon shot…

63. Mexican Army Charged! Americans outnumbered
Santa Anna’s men attacked from every side
He ordered wounded Americans to be put to death

64. The Alamo Disastrous for Texan- Americans
16 survivors : women, children, servants
Victory for Mexico Q
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65. Sam Houston Sought Revenge
Surprised Mexican troops in with his own army
Americans yelled:
“Remember the Alamo!!” as they charged…

66. General Santa Anna Was captured!
1. Forced to sign treaty which recognized Independence of Texas
2. AND the Rio Grande as boundary

67. Lone Star Republic Established, 1836 Free, independent “country”
NOT A PART OF THE U.S., AND NOT A PART OF MEXICO !!

68. Sam Houston, President of The Lone Star Republic
Legalized slavery
THEN Voted for annexation to the United States
Was admitted to the U.S. in 1845

69. Meanwhile…. James Polk became President of U.S in 1844
Goals to acquire :
1. Texas (formally)
2. Oregon territory
3. and California.
Accomplished all

70. American Response towards Westward Expansion
John O’ Sullivan-
Journalist/Newspaper editor
Coined term “Manifest Destiny” 1845

71. John O’Sullivan Quote:
“Our manifest destiny to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent which providence has given us for the development of the great experiment of liberty and federated self-government entrusted to us”

72. Manifest Destiny is the Belief that…
“ It was God’s will that the United States expand from sea to shining sea and all points in between”

73. 2 Days after Polk Took Office…
March 1845
Mexico broke off relations with U.S.
Mexico protested American annexation of Texas

74. Polk Sent John Slidell to Mexico
1. To inform Mexico that U.S. wanted to purchase California & New Mexico for $25 million
2. Mexican officials refused to receive Slidell (were insulted)

75. Border Dispute
Mexican officials insisted BORDER with U.S. was located at NUECES RIVER
Polk insisted border was located at RIO GRANDE RIVER

76. Meanwhile, President Polk
Sent General Zachary Taylor to disputed region with troops
U.S. built a military fort in disputed territory

77. Mexican- American War, 1846-1848
Mexican troops attacked American men for “trespassing”, April 25th 1846
U.S. declared war on Mexico
Official cause: border dispute

78. The War and Its Critics
Although the majority of Americans supported the war, a vocal minority feared the only aim of the war was to acquire new land for the expansion of slavery.
Abraham Lincoln questioned Polk's right to declare war.

79. The Mexican American WarDM

80. Combat took place on three fronts
1. California and the "bear flag republic"
2. General Stephen Kearney and Santa Fe
3. Winfield Scott and central Mexico
60,000 American volunteers enlisted

81. Bear Flag Revolt (California), 1846
June, 1846
A group of American settlers rebelled against the Mexican Government
Proclaimed California an “independent republic” – The Bear Flag Republic
John C. Freemont declared “ruler”

82. July, 1846 The Bear Flag Republic Dismantled
U.S. Navy sailed into Monterrey and San Francisco Harbors and raised an American Flag

83. El Pueblo de Los Angeles & the War
August 13th, 1846
American Marine Captain Archibald Gillespie & troops arrived in L.A. !
September 23rd he and his men surrounded by 600 angry Pobladores…
@ Fort Moore Hill

84. Gillespie & His Troops forced to retreat to San Pedro Harbor
The women of L.A. gave the American troops baskets filled with peaches…
Rolled in cactus spines!

85. Battle of the Rio San Gabriel
January 8th, 1847
Location : Modern day Montebello
Washington blvd. & Bluff rd.
The final conflict in the Mexican- American War (on American soil)…
watch?v=eAazyHnYffM

86. January 10, 1847 American troops entered El Pueblo de Los Angeles
raised the American Fort Moore Hill
Campo de Cahuenga Treaty – truce signed between Angelenos & American troops (near modern day Universal Studios)

87. St. Patrick’s Battalion
Irish Immigrants enlisted as soldiers during the Mexican –American war
Irish immigrant soldiers decided to leave the American army and instead join the Mexican army.
Led by John O’ Reilley
Faced treason/death if caught by Americans

88. Response to “Saint Patrick’s Battalion”U

89. March 9th, 1847 American troops invaded Veracruz, Mexico
Veracruz surrendered March 27th

90. End of THE War U.S. troops entered Mexico City
Mexico surrendered on September 13th 1847

91. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Feb. 1848
Two governments agreed on the following:
1. Mexico acknowledged the annexation of Texas
2. Mexico ceded California, New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, Utah
3. U.S. paid Mexico $15 million dollars
In Mexico, the Mexican cession is referred to as “the dismemberment”

92. Territory Gained by U.S. after War with Mexico

93. Mexican American War M

94. Wilmot Proviso Representative David Wilmot’s Bill:
Forbade slavery in the new land acquired by War with Mexico
Issues: state’s rights, slavery

95. California Gold Rush- 1849 May 1848, Gold found !
Sutter’s Creek ,California
August 1848 newspapers printed story
By 1849, people from around the world flocked to Northern California (‘49ers)

96. The Compromise of 1850 included:
1. Admission of California as a free state
2. Abolition of the slave trade (not slavery itself) in the District of Columbia
3. Stronger Fugitive Slave law
4. In the Mexican Cession territories, local white inhabitants would determine the status of slavery.

97. Pioneers Continued to Moved West after 1848…
Santa Fe Trail (old Spanish Trail)
Santa Fe, New Mexico to modern day El Monte, CA

98. Wagon Trains… 4-6 month journey
families traveled in covered wagons
12-15 miles a day
Oregon trail

99. Pioneers Continued to Moved West after 1848…
11,500 settlers moved to Oregon Country
2,700 moved to California
200,000 moved to California by 1852 and more than 360, years later!

100. Pioneer Reality… 1. Native Americans rarely attacked wagon trains
2. Cholera, scarlet fever & other illnesses along trail
3. “a grave every 80 yards”
4. Rough terrain – “un-lady like” work for women
5. Ox often died, wagon wheels broke