1. The Republic of Ireland
Chapter 7 society and culture

2. Content Geography History Government People Economy
languages, Education, Religion

3. National Symbols of Ireland
Green: Catholic Irishmen
White: Protestant Irishmen
Orange: friendship between
Catholics and Protestants
National Flag
National Emblem
Blue: Sea and Sky
Angel Harp

4. ⅠGeography

5. 1.1 Geographical Feature

6. 1.1 Geographical Feature
low central plains are surrounded by a ring of coastal mountains
the west coast of Ireland consists mostly of cliffs, hills and low mountain ranges
the longest river: the Shannon(香农河)
the largest lough: Corrib (克里布湖)
the highest peak: Carrantuohill (卡朗图厄尔山)

7. The Longest River in Ireland the Shannon River 香农河
370 kilometers

8. The Largest Lough: Corrib (克里布湖)
200 square kilometers

9. The Highest Peak: Carrantuohill (卡朗图厄尔山)
some 1041 meters above sea level.

10. 1.2 Climate
The Republic of Ireland has a temperate maritime climate with excessive rainfall.

11. 1.3 Major Cities
Dublin, the capital of Ireland, the largest city in Ireland, the commmercial and industrial center of Ireland and the country's principal port.

12. 1.3 Major Cities
Cork, the second largest city in Ireland, "the rebel county"
Galway, Limerick, Waterford

13. Ⅱ History England first invaded Ireland in 1171
The Act of Union《联合法案》was passed in 1800
Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed in 1921
The Republic of Ireland was founded in 1949

14. 2.1 Early History 7,000 BC, hunter-gathers 6th century BC, Celts
5th century BC, Erainn
4th century BC, Gaels
432, St. Patrick
9th century Vikings
17th century, English control
1800, Act of Union (联合法案)

15. 2.2 Process toward Independence
Easter Uprising of 1916
Irish War of Independence ( )
The Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921
Irish Civil War ( )

16. Sinn Fein Easter Uprising of 1916
Sinn Fein was founded in 1905 by Arthur Griffith. The party strongly opposed British rule and fought for self-government.

17. Easter Uprising of 1916 In 1916, the Irish rebelled against
British rule on Easter.
The actual revolt resulted in defeat,
however, the rebels were regarded as
heroes to the cause of Irish Freedom.

18. Irish War of Independence
After the Easter Rebellion of 1916, Sinn Fein won majority seats allotted to Ireland in the British Parliament.
In 1919, the Sinn Fein refused to take their seats in the British
Parliament and proclaimed an independent Irish Republic.
, Irish War of Independence
was fought between the Irish Republican
Army (IRA) and the British government.

19. The Anglo-Irish Treaty in 1921
26 counties in the south gained independence as Irish Free State.
6 counties in the north remained as part of the United Kingdom.

20. Irish Civil War
The divergence between the pro-treaty and anti-treaty factions resulted in a bloody Irish Civil War (28 June 1922 – 24 May 1923).
In 1932, Fianna Feil, organized by the anti-treaty forces under the leadership of Eamon de Valera gained control of the government.
(The constitution of Ireland, the president, Prime Minister, the British Monarch)

21. 2.3 Republic of Ireland
In 1949, Ireland declared itself a republic, completely independent of Britain and no longer a member of the Commonwealth of Nations.
1950s-1960s, First Program for Economic Expansion ( )
Serious problems became evident in Irish society in 1980
In 1985, Ireland signed the Anglo-Irish Agreement 《英爱协定》

22. 2.4 Ireland since 1990
Mary Robinson, the most popular Predisent in Ireland to date.
Albert Reynolds, Downing Street Declaration
1998, Belfast Agreement
1999, North-South Ministerial Council

23. Irish Republic Army
a Rrepublican paramilitary orgnization, founded in 1919.
in 2005, the IRA formally declared an end to its compaign against the British rule in Northern Ireland.

24. Ⅲ The Government Political system: 1) Representative democracy（代表民主制）
2) Republic (共和制)

25. Legislature Parliament
3.1 Government structure
Legislature Parliament
Judiciary
The Executive  
The PM
Upper House  
High Court
The Deputy PM

26. 3.1Parliament / Oireachtas
--The Irish Parliament has the sole power of making laws for the State.
--It consists of two houses (bicameral parliment )--- the House of
Representatives and the Senate.
--The Government is responsible
to the House of Representatives.

27. 3.1Parliament / Oireachtas
The Lower House / the Dail members elected by “proportional Representation” (比例代表选举制 )
The Upper House / the Senate
The Senate has 60 members and enjoys fewer powers than the lower house
11 appointed by the prime minister
43 elected from five panels of candidates under different headings
3 by graduates of the University of Dublin
3 by graduates of the National University of Ireland

28. 3.2 The Executive
the head of the state (the President)
the head of the government (the Prime Minister)
the Cabinet ministers(coalitions)

29. The President Elected by the people Term in office- 7 yrs.
Symbolic Head of State, no executive functions
Appoints PM on nomination of Parliament
But is “guardian” of constitution

30. Prime Minister or Taoiseach
head of government
appoints a cabinet to execute the daily business of the government
appointed by the president on the nomination（提名）of the parliament
nominates the Deputy Prime Minister
assigns areas of responsibility to members of government

31. 3.3 The Judiciary Supreme Court High Court
the Court of Criminal Appeal
the Central Criminal Court
Circuit courts (巡回法庭)
district court

32. 3.4 Political Parties Finna Fail (共和党) Fine Gael (统一党)
The Labor Party （工党）
The Progressive Democratic Party(进步民主党)

33. Ⅳ People
The population is predominantly of Celtic origin with French, English, and more recently Chinese and Indian minorities.
Emigration is the characteristic of the Irish

34. V Economy It has been an agricultural coutnry
since the 1960s, manufacturing has occupied an increasingly important position (EEC/ EU)
Mixed economy of both public and private enterprises.
1990s, "the Celtic tiger"

35. VI Languages
two dominant official languages in Ireland, Gaelic (Irish) and English

36. VII Education Free public school system Well-known universities
the University of Dublin
National University of Ireland

37. VIII Religion
93% of the population is Roman Catholic
4% is Protestant

38. thank you