1. Advances in rhinitis and rhinosinusitis in 2015
Claus Bachert, MD, PhD, Elien Gevaert, PhD 
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 
Volume 138, Issue 5, Pages (November 2016)
DOI: /j.jaci
Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions

2. Fig 1
On exposure to allergens or pathogens, TSLP, IL-25, and IL-33 are produced by epithelial cells and directly act on type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2), which in turn produce IL-5 and IL-13. IL-5 acts directly on eosinophils (EOS), whereas IL-13 acts indirectly on eosinophils by promoting the production of periostin in epithelial cells (EC). In addition, IL-13 increases pendrin and TMEM16 production in epithelial cells, which influences mucocilliary clearance. A positive feedback loop between TSLP, IL-33, and their receptors enforces their effect. TSLP can control PGD2 production in mast cells (MC). OSM acts on epithelial cells by affecting the epithelial barrier and remodeling of tight junctions. A defect in MUC1-CT, which was produced by epithelial cells, can cause failure of glucocorticoid (GC) treatment. Siglec ligands are upregulated in disease conditions and have an inhibitory effect on eosinophils and neutrophils (Neutro).
Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology  , DOI: ( /j.jaci )
Copyright © 2016 American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology Terms and Conditions