1. UNIT 5 AGRICULTURAL GEOGRAPHY

2. World Land Area for Agriculture
27% too cold
27% too dry
36% too mountainous
2% too swampy
8% juuuuuuust right!
To feed over 7 BILLION PEOPLE!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

3. Brief History of Agriculture
Hunter-Gatherers
Move where food is
Most of human history up to 14,000 years ago
Impact
Low population growth
Most activities center around acquisition of food-no time for other pursuits.

4. Brief History of Agriculture
1st Agricultural Revolution (aka Neolithic Revolution)
Domestication of plants & animals
Fertile Crescent 14,000 years ago
Impact
More reliable food source
Sedentary lifestyle
Specialization led to social stratification
Larger population
Birth of civilization

6. Brief History of Agriculture
2nd Agricultural Revolution
Improved methods of cultivating, harvesting, storing and transportation of agricultural products
17th century –mid 20th century Europe/US
Early years-enclosing farms, bigger farms, better soil preparation (crop rotation)
Later years-mechanization (w/Industrial Revolution), better fertilizers & pesticides, refrigeration & transportation
Impact
More food and more choices
Less farmers needed (go to work in factories)
More urbanization

7. Brief History of Agriculture
3rd Agricultural Revolution (aka Green Revolution)
Using biotechnology and Genetically Modified Organisms to expand crop yields.
Mid 20th century –present in US, Mexico, India, SE Asia
Impact
Higher yields (more food)
Less famines
Criticisms
Potential for super bugs & super diseases/reduced diversity
Increased water & energy use and pollution
Inability for small farmers to utilize technology

8. Brain Drain
Activity: Create an illustrated timeline covering the 3 Agricultural Revolutions. Make sure to include at least 2 events for each era and the greater impact.
Use the paper provided
You have 25 minutes to complete.

9. QW /5 & 6
Look over the concepts we discussed last class (Agricultural Revolutions)
“Tweet” a response on the back of your ESPN chart describing what LEVEL on the scale you are pertaining to those concepts and why. You only have 140 characters! Be CAREFUL!

10. Agricultural Methods
Do all farmers utilize the same methods around the world?
Why not? What factors determine what is grown where and how?
Environment (soil, climate, etc.)
Culture
Economics
EXAMPLES???

11. Agricultural Methods Labor Intensive CAPITAL INTENSIVE
Large amount of people/little amount of capital
Many people using simple tools & methods
Human labor used in almost every step
Small amount of people/large use of capital
Single farmer produces as much as 100 labor-intensive farmers through use of capital
Nearly every step automated

12. Agricultural Methods Labor Intensive vs. Capital Intensive
Use depends on price of labor & capital in a region
As regions develop economically, agriculture shifts from labor to capital intensive

13. Agricultural Methods Intensive (land use) Extensive (land use)
Large amount of output per acre
Due to concentrated use of labor and/or capital
Smaller output per acre
Labor and/or capital spread out over a large area of land

14. Agricultural Methods Intensive vs. Extensive (Land Use)
Dependant on price of land and population density
Separate from labor/capital intensive spectrum
Intensive can be capital intensive (greenhouses, feedlots) or labor intensive (rice paddies)
Extensive can be capital intensive (US wheat farmer)or labor intensive (Nomadic herders)

15. Agricultural Methods sedentary nomadic Work & live in single location
Types
Tenant farmers/sharecroppers
Family farms
Corporate farms
Systematic pattern of movement based on proven locations NOT random wandering
Types
Horizontal-one water source to another
Vertical-lowlands in winter highlands in summer (transhumance)
Shifting cultivation (a.k.a. slash & burn)-burn overgrowth for nutrients, stay a few years, move on, return years later

16. Agricultural Methods Sedentary vs. Nomadic
Depends on physical geography & cultural traditions

17. Agricultural Methods irrigated Non-irrigated
Watering crops by means other than rainfall
Wells, tunnels, trenches, spraying, drip systems, dams/canals, etc.
Watering crops only with rain fall

18. Agricultural Methods Irrigated vs. Non-irrigated
Irrigated necessary for large scale commercial agriculture & areas with uncertain rainfall
Non-irrigated only exists in areas with reliable rainfall and very poor subsistence areas

19. Agricultural Methods subsistence commercial
Just enough to feed families/self-sufficient farming villages
Sell output for cash
Pure form corporate “factory farms”

20. Agricultural Methods Subsistence vs. Commercial
Most farms worldwide exist somewhere on a spectrum between both. Except factory farms.
Shift from subsistence occurs when a region increases in wealth, trade, & specialization
Sometimes forced to switch due to political factors (colonialism or communism)

21. Agricultural Methods:
Brain Drain!
Guess What I Grow!
You and your partner are farmers. Describe your life and the type of farm you work on. Use the terms below to explain the type of farm you work on and what you produce.
Try to have your partner guess what you produce and where!
Agricultural Methods:
Labor Intensive VS Capital Intensive
Intensive (Land Use) VS Extensive (Land Use)
Irrigated VS Non-Irrigated
Subsistence VS Commercial
Sedentary VS Nomadic

22. Commercial Agriculture
Organizational Types of Commercial Agriculture
Based on land ownership
Family farming- small, self-sufficient family owned enterprise. Exists mostly in North America in shrinking numbers
Tenant farming- rent land. Produce to feed self and pay rent. Most of the world
Sharecropping-pay rent with “share” of the crop. Both parties “share” risk, but can end up tied to the land.
Plantations-instituted during colonialism. Used in tropical areas producing tropical crops for export. Now often run by corporations.
Collectives-state-owned farms in communist countries producing for the state
Garden plots- small areas for collective workers to produce for individual profit (often more productive than collective)
Agribusiness-industrialized corporate agriculture.

23. Commercial Agriculture
Agribusiness
Organized network from seed to distribution
The “industrialization” of agriculture
Small number of corporations controlling food source
Gaining more prominence and power through globalization
More focus on “value added” food products (Processed foods)
Examples: ConAgra, Archer Daniels Midland, Smithfield Foods, etc.

24. Commercial Agriculture
Positives of Agribusiness
Negatives of agribusiness
Efficient in connecting farmers with production and exchange
Concentration of agriculture activities
Higher yields
Greater availability for consumer
More choices for consumer
Lower prices for consumer
Destruction of family farm and farming communities
Animal cruelty
Questionable health risks through use of antibiotics and artificial hormones
Greater pollution
Increased energy uses

25. Pros & Cons of Agribusiness
The Meatrix

26. L3: Brain Drain
Create a pamphlet comparing 3 types of commercial farms.
Include:
What you produce and for who
Positives
Negatives

27. Classifying Agricultural Regions
Subsistence Agriculture
Shifting Cultivation
Pastoral Nomadism
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
Commercial Agriculture
Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
Dairy Farming
Grain Farming
Livestock Ranching
Mediterranean Agriculture
Commercial gardening & fruit farming
Plantation Farming

29. Shifting Cultivation
Vegetation “slashed”then burned. Soil fertile for 2-3 years, then people move on.
Where: tropical rainforests. Amazon, Central and West Africa, Southeast Asia
Crops: upland rice (S.E. Asia), maize and manioc (S. America), millet and sorghum (Africa)‏
Declining at hands of ranching and logging.

30. Pastoral Nomadism
Breeding & herding of domesticated animals for subsistence.
Where: arid and semi-arid areas of N. Africa, Middle East, Central Asia
Animals: Camel, Goats, Sheep, Cattle
Many nomads are being pressured into sedentary life as land is used for agriculture or mining.
Bedouin Shepherd
Somali Nomad and Tent

31. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
Very labor intensive production of rice
Where: S.E. Asia, E. India, S.E. China. Grown on flat, or terraced land
Double cropping used in warm winter areas of S. China and Taiwan
The Fields of Bali
Thai Rice Farmers

32. Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
Crops grown fed to livestock
Where: Upper midwest US; much of Europe from France to Russia
Crops: corn (most common), soybeans
Highly inefficient use of natural resources
Pounds of grain to make 1 lb. beef: 10
Gallons of water to make 1 1b wheat: 25
Gallons of water to make 1 1b. beef: 2500

33. Dairy Farming Commercial production of cow’s milk
Where: near urban areas in NA & Europe
- Over 90% of cow’s milk is produced in developed countries. Value is added as cheese, yogurt, etc.
Dairy Farm, Wisconsin

34. Grain Farming Where: worldwide, but U.S. and Russia predominant
Crops: wheat
winter wheat: Southern Great Plains (Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma)
spring wheat: Northern Great Plains (Dakotas, Montana, southern Canada)
Highly mechanized.

36. Livestock Ranching
Where: arid or semi-arid areas of western U.S., Argentina & Brazil, Spain & Portugal.
Historically on open range, now sedentary with barbed wire & transportation changes.
Environmental effects:
1) overgrazing has damaged much of the world’s arid grasslands (< 1% of U.S. remain!)‏
2) destruction of the rainforest in Brazil motivated by desire for cattle ranches

37. Mediterranean Agriculture
Where: areas with Mediterranean climate. Surrounding the Mediterranean Sea, California, Oregon, Chile, South Africa, parts of Australia
Highly valuable crops: olives, grapes, nuts, fruits and vegetables; winter wheat

38. Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming
Where: U.S. Southeast, New England, near cities around the world
crops: high profit vegetables and fruits apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, tomatoes, etc.
Truck farming-mechanized and near and for processors
Suitcase farming- for produce and near market
Both utilize immigrant (sometimes illegal) labor

39. Plantation Farming
Large scale mono-cropping of profitable tropical products for sale mostly in US & Europe.
where: tropical lowland periphery countries.
crops: cotton, sugar cane, coffee, rubber, cocoa, bananas, tea, coconuts, palm oil.

40. Brain Drain
Use the 2 world maps to identify where Subsistence Farming and Commercial Farming take place.
Commercial Farming:
Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming
Dairy Farming
Grain Farming
Livestock Ranching
Mediterranean Agriculture
Commercial Gardening & Fruit Farming
Plantation Farming
Subsistence Farming:
Shifting Cultivation
Pastoral Nomadism
Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

43. Latin America Quiz at 2:10

44. Quick Write 10/22
On notebook paper create a simple chart with a list of everything you ate yesterday in one column and the ingredients in the other.
Do the best you can with the ingredients.
Meals for the past 24 Hrs.
Ingredients

45. Von Thunen’s Model of Farming Distribution
Examines spatial distribution of farming
Crops change without a noticeable change in soil or terrain
Based on assumptions
Flat terrain
No barriers to transportation
Argues that transportation to market influences how land is used
Climate, soil, methods, technology, & economic state of market also play a role.

46. Von Thunen’s Model of Farming Distribution
4 concentric rings
1st ring-nearest to town-perishables & high priced items
2nd ring-forest for fuel and building materials
3rd ring-less perishable items such as grains
4th ring-ranching & livestock

47. Brain Drain Simulation: Von Thunen Model
Define Von Thunen’s Model. How has globalization altered Von Thunen’s Model? In what ways does the theory pretty much ring true?

48. Settlement Patterns
Cadastral systems-method of land survey through which landownership and property lines are defined.
Township and Range System-(rectangular survey system) is based on a grid system that creates 1 square mile sections.
Metes and Bounds Survey-uses natural features to demarcate irregular parcels of land.
Longlot Survey System -divides land into narrow parcels stretching back from rivers, roads, or canals.
Primogeniture- system where land is passed down to eldest son. Large landowners dominate.

49. Settlement Patterns
Township and Range – The cultural landscape of Garden City, Iowa reflects the Township and Range system. Townships are 6x6 miles and section lines are every 1 mile.

50. Settlement Patterns
Metes and Bounds-"Beginning at a stone on the Bank of Doe River, at a point where the highway from A. to B. crosses said river (see point marked C. on Diagram 1); thence 40 degrees North of West 100 rods to a large stump; then 10 degrees North of West 90 rods; thence 15 degrees West of North 80 rods to an oak tree (see Witness Tree on Diagram 1); then due East 150 rods to the highway; thence following the course of the highway 50 rods due North; then 5 degrees North of East 90 rods; thence 45 degrees of South 60 rods; thence 10 degrees North of East 200 rods to the Doe River; thence following the course of the river Southwesterly to the place of beginning."   This, which is a very simple and moderate description by "Metes and Bounds," would leave the boundaries of the farm as shown in Diagram 1.

51. Settlement Patterns
Longlot Survey System – The cultural landscape of Burgandy, France reflects the Longlot Survey system, as land is divided into long, narrow parcels. People live in nucleated villages and land ownership is highly fragmented.

52. Settlement Patterns

53. Settlement Patterns

54. Settlement Patterns Cultural Landscape impacted by agriculture.
Developed world-buildings different for different purposes (more functional differentiation)
Developing world-more multi-use buildings

55. QW 10/27 Create an ESPEn chart about the image on a piece of paper.
Economic, Social, Political, Human ENvironment
Economic
Social
Political
Human Environment

56. Brain Drain Give me the GIST of what we just covered.
You have 20 words to summarize Settlement Patterns (Complete ON YOUR OWN!!)
We will share with the class in 10 minutes.

57. Global Agriculture Trends Globalization & Agriculture
Positive
Negative
Free Trade Agreements
Farm Subsidies
Biotechnology
Free Trade Agreements
Farm Subsidies
Biotechnology

58. Global Agriculture Trends
Consumption

59. Global Agriculture Trends
Production

60. Global Agriculture Trends

61. Global Agriculture Trends
Farm Subsidies in developed countries.
Farmers paid by their governments to make up difference in what is profitable and what market price provides.
Subsidies to the world’s richest farmers directly damage the agricultural economies of the poorest counties.
Poor farmers with no help can’t compete with rich farmers that get help.

62. Brain Drain Feeding the Whole World Ted Talk
Watch the following Ted Talk and take notes in the provided space.
Complete a Think-Pair-Share.

63. What was it again? Ted Talk: Whats Wrong with Our Food System

64. Green Rev in Action
India

65. Green Revolution

66. Green Revolution

67. Green Revolution

71. Green Revolution Gains in yields made by…
Higher yielding varieties created by cross breeding.
Dwarf varieties: plants are bred to allocate more of their photosynthetic output to grain and less to vegetative parts.
Enables planting in closer rows, increasing yields.
Bred to be less sensitive to day length, thus enabling double-cropping
Very sensitive to inputs of fertilizer and water.

72. Green Revolution Drawbacks… Heavy Use of Pesticides and Fertilizer
Reduced Genetic Diversity = Increased Blight Vulnerability
Questionable Overall Sustainability (Heavy use of fresh water and energy)
High Dependence on Technology and Machinery Provided/Sold by Core Countries
Poor farmers limited access

73. Brain Drain
AP Human Geography FRQs – Agricultural & Rural 2001 (1) A. (i) Define the term “Green Revolution” as used from 1945 to the present. (ii) Explain TWO principal agricultural practices/technologies associated with the green revolution. (iii) Name TWO regions, in different parts of the world, where the green revolution has had a significant impact on crop yields. B. Identify and discuss TWO social, political, or cultural conditions necessary for the success of the agricultural practices/technologies of the green revolution. C. Identify and discuss TWO significant economic or ecological factors that may limit the long-term success of the agricultural practices/technologies of the green revolution.

74. Activity
Identifying Agricultural Methods