1. Cradle to Cradle
Group 4: Petri Huhtanen, Jani Kiiski, Jacqueline German, Minna Vierula

2. Introduction to The Book Michael Braungart Chemist
William McDonough
Architect

3. Introduction to The Book

4. Cradle to Grave
FIGURE 1

5. Cradle to Grave
FIGURE 2

6. Industrial Revolution
FIGURE 3
FIGURE 1

7. Why being less bad is no good?
Old way of thinking vs New way of thinking
Avoid, Minimize, Sustain, Limit, Halt
Reduce, Reuse, Recycle, Regulate

8. Downcycling
Waste in cases where the recycled material is of lower quality and functionality than the original material.
Example: Aluminum soda cans consists of two types of aluminum.
Walls consist of aluminum, manganese alloy with some magnesium, coating and paint.

9. Downcycling Harder top is aluminum magnesium alloy.
Conventional recycling of this melted mixture leads to weaker and less useful product.
Downcycling can also increase contamination of the biosphere.
Paints and plastics that are melted into recycled steel, for example, contain harmful chemicals.

10. Downcycling Regulation shouldn’t be just a license to harm.
“Relying on eco efficiency to save the environment will in fact achieve the opposite;
it will let the industry finish off everything, quietly, persistently and completely.”
“the goal should be zero: zero waste, zero emissions, zero “ecological footprint”.”

11. Upcycling
Also known as creative reuse, is the process of transforming by-products, waste materials, useless, or unwanted products into new materials or products of better quality or for better environmental value.
Any measure and activity in the design phase targeting at optimal handling of products as nutrients.

12. Waste equals food
cradle-to-cradle
Humans are the only species that takes from the soil vast quantities of nutrients but rarely puts them back in a usable form.
According to the book one reason for the destruction of Rome was nutrient losses;
agriculture and tree-felling drained soils of nutrient and led to erosion
For example, a car is not designed to be optimally recycled. Almost impossible to separate safely parts from each other. The car is crushed, pressed and processed so that high-ductile steel from the body and stainless steel are smelted together with various other scrap steels and materials – you cannot use materials as virgin anymore.

13. A World of Two Metabolism
To eliminate the concept of waste means to design things – product, packaging, and systems - from the very beginning on the understanding that waste does not exist
FORM FOLLOWS EVOLUTION, NOT JUST FUNCTION!
“If humans are truly going to prosper, we will have to learn to imitate nature’s effective cradle-to-cradle system of nutrient flow and metabolism”

14. Biological Metabolism
or biological cycle
The cycle in which biological nutrients flow.
Any material that comes into intentional or likely unintentional contact with the biological metabolism should be designed to safely come into contact with living organisms.
“Most packaging which makes up about 50 % of the volume of municipal solid waste stream can be designed as biological nutrients.”
There is no need that shampoo bottles and toothpaste tubes last decades.
An example of new fabric that the authors were “designing”. At first cotton combiner with PET (recycled) - PET is covered with synthetic dyes and chemicals no good for breathe or eat this fabric would not be a technical or a biological nutrient after its use.
So the result was wool mixed with pesticide-free plant RAMIE. Also the chemicals that were used in that fabric were designed to be safe.
Benefits: no need to work with gloves and mask, more place for working and recreation (no hazardous-chemicals storage), no need for paperwork for environmental regulations

15. Biological Nutrient
A biological nutrient is a material or product that is designed to return to the biological cycle.
A product usable by defined living organisms to carry on life processes.
Organisms, organic macromolecules, minerals.
A product usable by defined living organisms to carry on life processes such as growth, cell division, synthesis of carbohydrates, energy management and other complex functions.
Example: PET bottle + cotton = hybrid material (had the additional apparent advantages of being readily available, durable and cheap). BUT with upholstery abrades during normal use (toxic), questionable substances and the fabric would not be able to continue after its use as either a technical or a biological nutrient = more waste to landfill. ANOTHER solution: to design safe product (each element) at the beginning

16. Technical Metabolism The cycle that technical nutrients flow in.
Materials potentially hazardous to life and health may be used in a technical metabolism, if they are sequestered from uncontrolled contact with life.
Biological nutrients may flow in technical cycles (e.g., paper and bio-based polymers).
or technical cycle

17. Technical Nutrient
A technical nutrient is a material or product that is designed to go back into the technical cycle, into the industrial metabolism from which it came.
A product capable to “feed” technical systems.
Technical nutrients are deconstructed and constructed according to the following hierarchy:
Dismantle and reuse, dismantle and physical transformation, dismantle and chemical transformation.

18. FIGURE 4

19. Implementation C2C - Next packaging paradigm ?
Real world examples
C2C - Next packaging paradigm ?
Real Estate: Criteria, Implementation, Case Biotope
Spatial Planning: Criteria, Case Venlo, Limburg Principles, Case Tampere

20. C2C - The next packaging paradigm ?
Eco-efficient versus eco-effective
Use more packaging material
Design the best package as possible
“Littering” can help the environment
FIGURE 5
FIGURE 6

21. Real estate State your intentions Define material and their pathways
Criteria
State your intentions
Define material and their pathways
Integrate renewable energy
Actively support biodiversity
Etc.
Stakeholders Value Criteria

22. Real Estate Do an inventory Integrate diverse C2C-contractors
FIGURE 7
Real Estate
Implementation
FIGURE 8
Do an inventory
Integrate diverse C2C-contractors
Integrate system and application tools
Integrate natural light
Etc.
Case: Biotope in The Sunrise Campus
Greenhouses and gardens
Results: (Compared the old buildings)
Energy: Minimized demand (-58%)
Water: Minimized demand (-44 %)
FIGURE 9

23. Spatial planning
Criteria, principles
Spatial development processes are split (often) into phases:
Idea / Vision
Design
Implementation
Construction
Use
Three principles translated into specific
principles at local or regional level
FIGURE 10

24. Case Venlo, Limburg Principles
Spatial planning
Case Venlo, Limburg Principles
District Of Venlo
Starts from C2C real estate project
Expands to cover whole provinces of Limburg
Limburg Principles:
We are native to our place
Our waste is our food
The Sun is our income
Our soil, water and air are healthy
We provide enjoyable mobility for all
We design enjoyment for all generations
FIGURE 11

25. Limburg Criteria, Case Tampere
Spatial planning
Limburg Criteria, Case Tampere
ECO2 - Eco-efficient Tampere 2020:
Stop the increase in greenhouse gases
Development of spatial planning tools
-> concrete measures for C2C
FIGURE 12

26. Thanks

27. References:

28. Braungart, Michael; McDonough, William (2002): Cradle to Cradle
Braungart, Michael; McDonough, William (2002): Cradle to Cradle. Remaking the Way We Make Things
Cradle to Cradle Terms & Definitions. Available:
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7, 8, 9.
Figure 10, 12.
Figure 11.