1. Apush unit 1
New world beginnings

2. SHAPING OF n. America and its people
225 million years ago- one land mass; due to shifting in plates, formed the continents.
GREAT ICE AGE- 35,000 years ago first people arrived by land or water.
First colonies of people- far tip of South America.
Sophisticated settlements were the INCAS IN PERU, MAYANS IN C. AMERICA, AND AZTECS IN MEXICO

3. What influences did these first civilizations have?
Sophisticated agriculture practices that fed millions (esp in Mexico)- cultivation of maize (corn); influences many cultures and spread into N. America by 1200 bc; influences Pueblo culture in the SW.
Because of maize, nomadic hunters began to create stable agricultural villages and settle down.
Corn cultivation led to cultures creating extensive irrigation systems; created multi storied buildings indicating large populations once the Europeans arrive.
Corn cultivation = the development of the Native American cultures in the area.

4. Early civilizations

5. Early civilizations continued
Mound Builders of the Ohio Valley
Sustained some large settlements; primitive compared to Aztecs, Pueblos.
Mississippian Culture of the lower MIDWEST
Cahokian- present day St.Louis; home to at least 25,000 people ;.
Anasazi
Built elaborate pueblo of 600 interconnected rooms at Chaco Canyon in modern day New Mexico.
Many fell in decline by 1300 ad.

6. Anasazi dwellings

7. Culture spreads to north America in 1000 a.d.
Cultivation of maize which led to high yield beans and squash
Changed farming techniques
Allowed for larger civilizations to flourish into larger Native American tribes.
The largest include: Creek, Choctaw, and Cherokee peoples.
Iroquois tribes being the largest and producing the early replicas of the nation-states of Mexico and Peru; government, military alliances
Most of these early cultures were matrilineal- considerable power held by women
(How were the Native American cultures different from the Europeans that would arrive?)

8. What were some of the indirect discoveries of the new world?
Weren’t looking for the Americas; looking for Asia and Africa.
Crusaders looking for luxuries and for spices.
Marco Polo and his landing in “China”
This opens up the avenue for Europe to begin to expand in 15th century
Portuguese sail around the tip of Africa- the first to do so.
Began an extensive trading system with the Arabs- gold and slaves.
How was slavery executed before the discovery of the Europeans?

9. Europeans enter Africa Continued
Portuguese adopted the ways of the Arab and African practices of isolating and mixing different villages and peoples
Through doing this the Portuguese developed their own extensive and systematic traffic in slaves to work the sugar plantations that Portugal and later Spain established of the African coastal islands of Madeira, the Canaries, Sao Tome and Principe.
Slave trafficking becomes a huge business venture; influences much of the New World.

10. Columbus
“ his achievement obscures the fact that he was one of the most successful failures in history” (Kennedy, 14).
Discovers now day Haiti, Dominican Republic; thought it was India.
However important because discovers an undiscovered area; creates a full scale international economic system= Columbian exchange
Ecomienda

12. Spanish conquistadores- “Explorers”
1500- Spain becomes dominant exploring and colonizing power of Europe
Portuguese- how and why were they the first dominant power?
What did Spain want?
God and the spread of Christianity; Gold for themselves and country; Glory
Who were some notable Spaniards or explorers for Spain?
Balboa- Pacific Ocean; Magellan- first to circumnavigate the globe; Juan Ponce de Leon- Florida( in search of gold) ; Coronado looking for lost city of gold but found Grand Canyon and Colorado River and buffalo.
Hernando de Soto- explored the marshes of Fla. And crossed the Mississippi River;Pizarro crushes the Incas and in return found huge stashes of silver and gold.

13. Explorers continued
Pizarro- by 1600 much of Spain had the market on the New World silver and gold. (from what is Bolivia and Mexico)
RESULT OF THIS?
Price wars inside of Europe. Consumer prices rose as much as 500% because of the new gold/silver that backed the economies/money of Europe.
This led to a ballooning economy which fueled what would be the present day economic system.
Bankers=$; Merchants in France/ Holland= buying in selling throughout Europe and fueling their economies; International trade with Asia; \
Columbus’ “failed success” led to a base to store this booty; and to use as a stopping off point in travels.

14. Conquest of mexico- Hernando Cortez
Island of Cozumel rescued a Spaniard (Mayan speaking); Indian slave Malinche (later Marina) who new native languages; important in dealing with the Aztecs in the North.
Vera Cruz final landfall; goal to find Tenochtitlan and the city of gold; welcome by the Indians at first; were able to approach city unchallenged; became weary of them and their “thirst for gold”
Noche triste (sad night)- Cortez attacks city; at the same time small pox epidemic hits completely wiping out huge populations of the Indians, allowing them to succumb to Spanish rule

15. Tenochtitlan

16. Cortez and Marina

17. Cortez voyage

18. Spread of Spanish america
Within half a century of Columbus, Spanish culture and influence spread all over the Americas and into North America.
Cities grew around the silver and gold mines of Peru and Mexico; 160,000 Spanish had taken Indians as slaves; churches and universities began to spring up as did printing presses and books.
Competition began to spring up too- British and French all were trying to stake claims.
To fortify themselves- what happened?

19. Spain and its conquests
ST. Augustine, Fla.
Rio Grande River Valley and the Pueblo- founding of New Mexico(Pope’s Rebellion)
1716- established Texas to block the French coming down the Mississippi River
1769- San Diego California (Spanish mission)

20. Spanish north American frontier 1542-1823

21. Principal voyages of discovery