1. Poetry and Language Teaching
Betül ALTAŞ

2. Alliteration
Repetition of the same consonant at the beginning of the stressed syllables
As to Barton and Hudson (1997), this repetition may come:
at the beginning
middle
end of words

3. Consonance
The Rime of the Ancient Mariner The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, The furrow followed free; We were the first that ever burst Into that silent sea. Coleridge, 1978

4. Assonance
Sunday Morning Complacencies of the peignoir, and late Coffee and oranges in a sunny chair, And the green freedom of a cockatoo… (repetition of the same vowels)

5. Meter Measure rule Focus is on:
dividing a line of poetry into syllables
noting the relative stress given to each syllable such as Stressed / unstressed
4. Monosyllabic nouns (boy, girl, tree) and stressed monosyllabic verbs (walk, see, breathe) syllabus
5. Monosyllabic adjectives (red, tall, old)

6. So long as men can breathe or eyes can see
5. Articles (a, the); monosyllabic prepositions (of, in,at); possessive pronouns (my, his, their) and suffixes (-est, -ing, -ed) generally unstressed.
6. Monosyllabic Conjunctions (and, or); monosyllabic auxiliary verbs (can, have, may), and to be verbs (is, are, was, were) generally unstressed as well.
It is illusrated as follows:
u / u / u / u / u /
So long as men can breathe or eyes can see
iambic

7. Metrical Feet One foot monometer Two feet dimeter Three feet trimeter
Four feet tetrameter
Five feet pentameter
Six feet hexameter
Seven feet heptameter
Eight feet octameter

8. Rhyme
Peter Quince at the Clavier The body dies; the body’s beauty lives. So evenings die, in their green going , A wave, interminably flowing. So gardens die, their meek breath scenting The cowl of winter, done repenting So maidens die, to auroral Celebration of a maiden’s choral Wallace Steven, 1923

9. Rhyme scheme
u / u / u / u / u /
That time of year thou mayst in me behold
iambic pentameter (five feet;it follows unstressed, stressed; it is the most common meter in English poetry)

10. Rhythm
A poem is named based on the number of feet in a line and stress patterns
Most common one:
unstressed, stressed iambic

11. Types of poem Narrative poems (event)
Descriptive poems (a person or a thing)
One of them is the Epic poem
heroic achievements of a king or a nation
long narrative poems
Gods/Goddesses are among the characters
Narration begins in the middle of the story
Beginning is given through flashbacks

12. Epic Poems Beowulf The Faerie Queene by Edmund Spenser
Paradise Lost by John Milton
The Illiad (Greek Epic) by Homer
The Odyssey (Greek Epic) by Homer
The Divine Comedy (Italian Epic) by Dante Alighieri
Aeneid (Latin Epic)

13. Ballads folk wisdom or heroic adventures
Dramatic story related to conflict and death of the protagonist or the speaker
Anonymous
It began as a part of oral tradition
It can be 12 lines or 50 lines

14. Sonnets A poem of 14 lines with a set rhyme pattern
Petrarchan sonnet (Italian sonnet)
Octave (abba abba) followed by a sestet of (cdd cee or cde cde)
Shakespearean Sonnet
Three quatrains and a couplet
(abab, cdcd, efef, gg)

15. The Rhyme Scheme of Shakespeare’s Sonnet LXXIII (1609)
That time of year thou mayst in me behold a When yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang b Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, a quatrain Bare ruined choirs, where late the sweet birds sang. b In me thou see’st the twighlight of such day c As after sunset fadeth in the west, d Which by and by black night doth take away, c quatrain Death’s second self, that seals up all in rest. d In me thou see’st the glowing of such fire e That on the ashes of his youth doth lie, f As the death bed whereon it must expire, e quatrain Consumed with that which it was nourished by. f This thou perceiv’st , which makes thy love more strong, g To love that well which thou must leave ere long. g a couplet

16. Pastoral Poem Rural area Life of shepherd idealized countryside
Language is simple
Corruption of the city, love and seduction

17. Pastoral Poem
The Passionate Shepherd to His Love Come live with me and be my love And we will all the pleasures prove That valleys, groves, hills and fields, Woods, or steepy mountain yields. Christopher Marlowe

18. Ode Lyric poem that praises an object or a person
There are two types of odes:
Pindaric ode
Horatian ode
Ode is an address to an absent person or thing
The tone is formal

19. Elegy Elegy is written to describe a poem lamenting a death. Lycidas
But , oh! The heavy change , now thou art gone,
Now thou art gone, and never must return!
Thee, shepherd, thee the woods, and desert and caves
With wild thyme and the gadding vine o’ergrown
And , all their echoes, mourn
………………………………..

20. Dramatic Monologue
It is a poem spoken by a person, addressing an audience
Situation is dramatic
It happens in the present
The speaker focuses on one person/situation

21. Epitaph ( written to praise the dead person)
Haiku (three lines and 17 syllables/a Japanese form)
Idyll (peace and beauty of rural area)
Free verse (no rhyme and rhythm)

22. Blank verse (with no rhyme/ with iambic parameter that is lines of verse with five metrical feet in which the stress falls on the second syllable of the foot).

23. Figures of speech
Personification (an object, an idea, or a quality is represented as person) e.g. Kissing with the golden face the meadows green ______a face with which to kiss Simile (a direct comparison using like, as or than ) e.g. A poem should be palpable and mute As a globed fruit,

24. “O my Luve’s like a red, red rose That’s newly sprung in June; O my Luve’s like the melodie That’s sweetly played in tune by Robert Burns Metaphor (a direct comparison of two unlikely things without using comparison words) e.g.“Hope is the thing with feathers” by Emily Dickinson. Hope is something like a bird

25. Synecdoche (in which a part of an object is used to represent the whole) e.g. Cuckoo, cuckoo: Oh, word of fear, Unpleasing to a married ear! Ear is the representative of married man Metonymy: (in which one word/phrase is substituted for another with which it is closely associated) e.g. Crown king queen of a nation royalty

26. Symbolism (use of an object, a place or person to represent something else)
e.g. Black is a symbol evil or death.
e.g. The dove is a symbol of peace
Oxymoron (use of two opposing word together)

27. William Shakespeare
Why, then, O brawling love! O loving hate! O anything, of nothing first create! O heavy lightness! Serious vanity! Misshapen chaos of well-seeming forms! Feather of lead, bright smoke, cold fire, sick health!

28. Hyperbole ( to describe deliberate exaggeration) For I have had too much Of apple pickling, I am overtired Of the great harvest I myself desired. There were the thousand thousand fruit to touch, Cherish in hand, lift down, and not let fall Robert Frost

29. Litotes (an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by using negatives e.g. It will not be so small proof of your art will be strong Irony (using words which convey the opposite meaning of author’s real thoughts, feelings, intentions, Barton &Hudson, 1997) Paradox (seems to be wrong/contradictory or absurd at first reading, but makes sense when you think about it)

30. Allusion (an indirect reference by one text to a historical occurence, or to myths and legends)
Onomatopoeia (imitation of sounds in nature like echoing and resonance of sound). Some of them are illustrated:
cuckoo
hiss
meow
moo
neigh
purr

31. Apostrophe (a direct address to somebody who is absent or an imaginary person or to a real or imagined object or process, at the beginning of a line)
e.g: Lawrence, of virtuous father virtuous son,
Now that the fileds are dank, and ways are mire,
where shall we sometimes meet, and by the fire
Help waste a sullen day….

32. Pun ( play on words that sound the same or at least similar, but have different meanings)
eg. Therefore, I lie with her and she with me
And in our faults by lies we flatter’d be
eg: Hamlet: A little more than kin, and less than kind (blood relations)
(sympathetic)