1. Carbon Capture and Utilization (CCU)
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2. INDEX: Earth’s Carbon reserve What is the need for carbon capture ?
What are Carbon sources and Carbon sinks ?
Different technologies to isolate CO2 from flue gases.
Methods for Capturing CO2
Transportation of CO2
Carbon storage
Limitations
Ways for Carbon Utilization.
Case study
Conclusion
Reference

3. Earth's Carbon Resources
Since last decade, average conc. of CO2 increasing by 1.5 ppm per year.
The oceans holds the greatest part but is held effectively out of circulation in the form of dissolved bicarbonate.
80% of fossil fuel carbon is in the form of coal and it’s burning releases carbon directly to the air in the form of CO2
* This table showing the sizes of the various carbon reservoirs is from U.S. Global Change Research Information Office

4. Effects of Carbon Dioxide in Air

5. Emit more carbon dioxide than they absorb
Carbon Sources
Carbon Sink
Emit more carbon dioxide than they absorb
Absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they emit
Natural sources :
Volcanoes
Fires
Decomposition
Respiration
Sometime Oceans and fresh water bodies.
Natural sinks :
Photosynthesis
Forests
Oceans
Freshwater bodies
Fossil fuels
Carbonate rocks.
Human Interference
Deforestation
and
Fossil burning
Reduction in size of the sink
More Carbon in Atmosphere.

6. Carbon sources and sinks

7. Isolation of CO2 from other gases
Carbon Capture
Definition:
Technique that prevents or reverses the release of Carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and diverts the carbon to a viable carbon sink.
# Isolation of CO2 because of constraint of additional cost associated with transportation ,compression and additional storage space.
Isolation of CO2 from other gases
Compression
Transportation

8. Sources for Capture
Global CO2 emissions from fossil fuels in 10^(15) g CO2 / year
=> Electricity generation and some large fossil fuel burning industrial sources are
good candidates for carbon capture.
* Stanford university-GCEP Carbon Capture Technology Assessment – Spring 2005

9. Principle: CO2 in the gas phase dissolves into a solution of water and amine compounds.
Procedure:
Flue gas first cooled and treated to remove reactive impurities such as sulphur, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter.
The amines react with CO2 to form protonated amine (AH+) and bicarbonate (HCO3-).
After CO2 loading, solution removed and heated to release high-purity CO2.
Technologies that help accomplish carbon isolation. A . Using Chemical Solvents (Solvent Scrubbing Process)

10. Alkanolamines mainly Monoethanol amine (MEA), combinations of alcohols and ammonia, is commonly used as a solvent.
Demerits:
High investment costs and energy consumption.
Tedious material handling procedures.
High maintenance cost due to MEA’s corrosion effect

11. B. Using Physical Absorption
Principle:
Absorbents allow a gas to permeate a solid or liquid under one set of conditions, and desorb under others.
The rate of absorption or desorption is temperature and pressure dependent.
Physical Solvents
Selexol, a liquid glycol-based solvent,
to process natural gas, both for bulk CO2 removal and H2S removal
Glycol
effective for capturing both CO2 and H2S at higher concentration.
Glycerol carbonate
high selectivity for CO2 ,
relatively low capacity

12. C. Gas separation membranes
Factors:
Permeability: rate of flow through the membrane due to pressure difference.
Selectivity: The ability of one gas to permeate faster than another.
Membranes could be:
polymer membranes
palladium membranes,
Molecular membranes.
Solubility-selective polymer membrane removing
CO2 from CO2/CH4 mixture.
Red: methane
Grey: carbon dioxide

13. Capturing Carbon Dioxide
Methods on basis of fuel combustion :
Pre-Combustion
Post-Combustion
Oxy-fuel Combustion

14. Pre Combustion Capture
Involves converting fossil fuel into hydrogen and carbon dioxide by gasification.
During pre-combustion,
Step 1. Coal transformed into syngas .(mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen)
Step 2. Carbon monoxide is shifted further with water to carbon dioxide and
an extra amount of hydrogen.
Step 3. Carbon dioxide is separated from the hydrogen through
Glycol-based solvent Selexol.
or Membrane separation units
Step 4. The hydrogen is subsequently combusted in the gas turbine of the
power plant.

15. Schematic diagram showing Pre-combustion capture of CO2
Source:

16. Post Combustion Capture
Focuses directly on power plant emissions, such as flue gases.
Carbon dioxide removed from post-combustion flue gas using regenerable solvents.
The solvent most frequently encountered is MEA, an amine solvent.
Source:

17. Oxy Fuel Combustion Method
Principle:
Combustion in pure oxygen produces water and pure CO2 exhaust.
CO2 can be captured at relatively low-cost through cooling and compression
Demerits:
The main problem with this method is separating oxygen from the air.
Usually completed cryogenically which requires a lot of energy and hence is very expensive.

18. CO2 Transportation Stage that links sources and storage sites.
CO2 transported via any of three states :
1. GAS
Occupies large volume, hence large facilities are needed.
Compressed for transportation by pipeline.
2. LIQUID
Can be carried by rail ,road tankers and dedicated pipelines.
Transport costs reduced when CO2 pressurized to liquid form
3.SOLID
Solidification needs much more energy compared with other options
Inferior from a cost and energy viewpoint.

19. Saline-filled basalt formations (with highly impermeable cap rock)
Captured Carbon
Storage or Sequestration
Option1:
Utilization
Option 2:
Storage in :
Oil and gas fields
Saline formations
Unmineable coal seams.
Saline-filled basalt formations
(with highly impermeable cap rock)

20. Drawbacks of Capturing and Storing
Treats carbon dioxide as a waste
High start-up cost with no economical advantage.
High energy inputs and costs.
Difficulty in finding suitable sites.
Uncertainty regarding CO2 leakage into groundwater and soil

21. Possible ways for Carbon Utilization
Accelerated mineralisation through carbonisation of rocks
Reaction of minerals (mostly calcium or magnesium silicates) with CO2 into inert carbonates. Eg: Slag.
These carbonates can then be used for example as construction materials.
Biorenewable fuels and materials from algae
Microalgae have a high biomass productivity compared to terrestrial crops and can be cultivated on non-arable land.

22. the cultivation of microalgae in open ponds directly captures and utilise CO2.
Per tonne of algae biomass ca. 0.5 tonne carbon can be fixed and converted.
Using waste CO2 as a chemical feedstock for the synthesis of other chemicals.

23. Study of a Carbon Capture and Storage project in Canada

24. Process: Post-Combustion Capture

25. Project Description
One of the first large-scale efforts in the world to promote carbon capture.
Carbon Capture and Isolation
done via Post Combustion method in coal-fired electricity power plant. .
Transportation
Through intense pipeline network across the Canada–US border
Utilization and Storage
injected at the Weyburn-Midale oil fields for enhanced oil recovery.
acts as a pressurizing agent
Reduces viscosity of oil.
later be injected for permanent sequestration in a saline aquifier.

26. Weyburn field and Apache’s Midale field, located in southeast Saskatchewan, Canada,

27. Expected Outcomes Estimated budget : $1.24 billion.
Capturing up to 1 Mt per year of CO2 by 2015.
Storage to hold roughly 40 million tonnes of CO2 that otherwise been vented into the atmosphere.
A coal-fired power generating unit of capacity 100 MW of net clean power.
A demonstration project for the development of sound regulation and policies.

28. Conclusion CCU has a potential to regulate Carbon dioxide emission.
BUT,
It still has a long way to go as:
Still in the research and development phase.
Has not yet been commercialized.
Huge initial investment is required.

29. REFERENCES:
Anderson S, Newell R. Prospects for Carbon Capture and Storage Technologies. January Discussion Paper 02–68. pp & pp
Hermann W. An Assessment of Carbon Capture Technology and Research Opportunities. Spring, GCEP Energy Assessment Analysis
Styring P, Jansen D. Carbon Capture and Utilisation in the green economy. July Report no Publisher: The Centre for Low Carbon Futures pp 6-13.
Date of Visit: 9/9/11.
Date of Visit: 9/9/11.
Date of Visit: 9/9/11.
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Date of Visit: 6/9/11.