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Fungus, Fungicides Classification & Activity Sudarshan Patel
Technical Training by: Sudarshan Patel Manager Marketing PI Industries Ltd.
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Fungus, Fungicides Classification & Activity
Fungus and Fungicide Basics Fungicide Mode of action Mobility in plant Strobilurine Fungicides & Cabrio Top Innovative fungicides in SL market & their features comparison
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What is a Plant Disease? A disorder in Structure or
Physiological function in a plant Vyuhaye ho ehi kriyakarithvaye akramavathbavaya
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What are plant Physiological functions?
Photosynthesis Respiration Plant nutrition Plant hormone functions Photoperiodism & photomorphogenesis Environmental stress physiology Seed germination Dormancy Stomata function Transpiration………etc
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Diseased Plant Produce specific symptoms or that affects a specific location Entering living or non living pathogenic agents in to the host plant can cause diseases (except nutrient deficiencies)
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What is a pathogen / Pathogenic agent?
A living or unliving agent (infectious agent) that can cause a disease to the host
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What is Disease Triangle?
All three conditions should satisfy to cause the particular disease to the susceptible host
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What is a Fungus? A group of unicellular, multicellular, or syncytial spore-producing organisms feeding on organic matter due to that lack chlorophyll Attack crops above & below soil surface Spread by wind, rain, insects, birds, soil, machinery & contaminated seed Including moulds, yeast, mushrooms, & toadstools
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Fungi Classification Pathogenic Fungi Life cycle known Myxomycetes
Classification : Example Kingdom : Plantae Division : Phycomycetes Class: Oomycetes Order : Peronosporales Family : Peronosporaceae Genus : Phytophthora Species : infestans Pathogenic Fungi Life cycle known Myxomycetes Phycomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes Deutromycetes Leaf Spots, Fruit spots Vascular wilts. Powdery Mildews, Alternaria Sigatoka, Leaf Spots, Stem & Twig Canker, Anthracnose, Fruit diseases, Post harvest disease, Fussarium club root rot of crucifers Order : Oomycetes Pythium rot, Damping off,Root rot Phytophthora Diseases Downy Mildews The Rust, the Smut, Rizoctonia
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Plant Pathology Plant pathology is the scientific study of diseases in plants caused by pathogens & environmental conditions Heinrich Anton de Bary (1831 – 1888) known as “father of plant pathology” (German surgeon, botanist, microbiologist, & mycologist) Proved plant diseases caused by fungi not by bad weather condition Publishing the book “Research on the development of some parasitic fungi” – trial , inoculated spores of P. infestans on healthy potato
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History of Fungicides Seed wheat salvaged from the sea was free of bunt. In the middle of 17th Century the first use of brining of grain with salt water followed by liming took place to control bunt in seed wheat Tillet (1755) found, seed-borne fungi (Tilletia tritici, T. laevis) caused bunt of wheat & could be controlled by seed treatments of lime, or lime and salt
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History of Fungicides Year Fungicide Primary Use
Overview of Fungicide Development and Usage Year Fungicide Primary Use 1637 Brine Cereal seed treatment 1755 Arsenic 1760 Copper sulfate 1824 Sulfur (dust) Powdery mildew and other pathogens 1833 Lime + sulfur Broad spectrum foliar pathogens 1885 Bordeaux mixture 1891 Mercury chloride Turf fungicide 1900 CuOCl2 Especially Phytophthora infestans 1914 Phenylmercury chloride 1932 Cu2O Seed and broad spectrum foliar diseases 1934 Dithiocarbamates patented Broad spectrum protectants 1940 Chloranil, Dichlone Broad spectrum seed treatment
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Fungicide Classification
Mobility within plants- distribution By chemical group – chemical structure By MOA – site of action
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Classification by mobility
Contact Fungicides Adsorbed to the leaf surfaces Protective/preventive fungicides must applied before spores germinate Fungicides include Chlorothalonil, Propineb, Maneb, Metiram, Mancozeb, KHCO3
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Systemic Fungicides Absorbed into plants
Mobile in the plant upward & downward via xylem & phloem New chemistries; Strobilurins – Clutch, Amista, Nativo Triazoles- Perido, Folicor, Razer…etc Bensamidoles- Topsin Phenylamides- Ridol Carbamates- Previcor CAA- Acrobat
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Fungicide categories Systemic Protectant
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Translamina movement / semi systemic
Penetrant
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Contact vs Systemic Fungicides
Contact/Protectant Systemic Adsorbed Absorbed Immobile Mobile Preventive Preventive + Curative Multi site of action Single site of action Few problems with resistance Resistant fungi strains could develop Eg: Mancozeb, Maneb, Sulfur, copper, Chlorothalonil Eg:-Metalxil, Dimethomorph, Thiphenate methyl, Promorpcarb
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Types of Fungicides
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Fungicide Chemical Class
Classification by : Chemical Groups Fungicide Chemical Class Action Action on Plant Examples 1.Copper fungicides Multisite Protectant CuO, Cu(OH)2 2. Inorganics Sulphur 3. Dithiocarbomates Maneb, Zineb, Metiram, Mancozeb, Thiram, Propineb 4. Chloronitriles Chlorothalonil 5. Dicarboxamides Protectant and Curatant Captan 6. Carbamates Single site Propamocarb (Previcor) 7. Benzimidazole Thiophenate methyl (Topsin) Thiobendazole 8. Carboxamides Flutolanil (Moncut) Fluxapyroxad (not registerd yet) Boscalid
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Fungicide Chemical Classes available in Sri Lanka
Action Action on Plant Examples 9. Phenylamides Single site Protectant and Curatant Metalaxyl, Benalaxyl 10.*Azoles/Triazoles (1973) Single Site Curatant Propiconazole, Hexaconazole, etc… 11.*Strobilurins (1996) Pyraclostrobin, Azoxystrobin, Trifloxystrobin 12.*CAA fungidices (2003) Dimethomorph
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Dithiocarbamates Mancozeb Maneb Propineb Metiram
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Classification : by Mode of action
MOA = How fungicide kills the target fungus Fungicides are metabolic inhibitors MOA can be classified into 04 broad groups Inhibitors of electron transport chain Inhibitors of enzymes Inhibitors of nucleic acid metabolism & protein synthesis Inhibitors of sterol synthesis
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Nucleic acid synthesis - Metalaxyl Plasma membrane - KHCO3 (Kaligreen)
Nuclear division - Thiophanate methyl Nucleic acid synthesis - Metalaxyl Plasma membrane - KHCO3 (Kaligreen) Cell wall function Dimethomorph Mitochondrial function Strobilurins Sulfur Proteins Amino acid & Enzymes Chlorothalonil, Dithiocarbamates Copper Sterol biosynthesis All Triazoles
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Multi-site inhibitor 6
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Protectants cannot penetrate plant tissue
Cuticle 6
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Systemics penetrate plant tissue as well as fungus
Cuticle 6
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Mode of action / inhibition
Common Fungicide Classes and Mode of Actions FRAC Code Chemical Class Mode of action / inhibition Resistance risk 1 Benzimidazoles Beta-tubulin biosynthesis high 2 Dicarboximides NADH cytochrome c reductase in lipids 3 Azoles, Pyrimidines C-14 demethylation in sterol biosynthesis medium 4 Phenylamides RNA polymerase 5 Morpholines ^8 and ^7 isomerase and ^14 reductase in sterol biosynthesis low-medium 7 Carboxamides Succinic acid oxidation 9 Anilinopyrimidine Methionine biosynthesis 11 Strobilurins Mitochondrial synthesis in cytochrome bc1 16 Various chemistry Melanin biosynthesis (two sites) 40 Carboxylic acid amides Cell wall formation in Oomycetes M1 Inorganics Multisite contact low M3 Dithiocarbamates M5 Phthalimides
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1 1 2
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Why Fungicide Pre – mixtures???
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Protective Curative Eradicative
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Important hints for Fungicide recommendation
Common Oomycetes fungi Generas Phytophthora- Late blight in tomato and Potato Phythium – Damping off in seedling Peronospora- Downy mildew in tobacco, lettuce Bremia – Downly mildew in lettuce Haloperonospora Peronosclerospora- Downney mildew in Corn Plasmopara - Downey mildew in Grapes Pseudoperonospora- Downy mildew in cucurbits Sclerophthora- Downey mildew in corn Sorghum Sclerospora- Downey mildew in corn Sorghum & Sugar cane Propamocarb Dimethomorph Metalaxyl Pyraclostrobin Thiphenate methyl Captan Thiram
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Common Ascomycetes fungi
Powdery Mildews Alternaria Sigatoka Leaf Spots Stem & Twig Canker Anthracnose Fruit diseases Post harvest disease Mancozeb..etc Pyraclostrobin Carbendazim Thio-phenate metyl Alternaria Septoria Magneporathe (Blast) Rhizoctonia solani- (sheath blight) All triazoles
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Strobilurin Fungicides
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Discovery of Strobilurin Fungicides
Many of the newest & most important disease-control agents Isolated from wood-rotting mushroom fungi Chemical Family- Strobilurin Natural fungicides help the fungus to defend itself from competition by microbes present in rotting wood Less risk - to human & the environment compared to alternatives
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Strobilurin Fungicides
Pyraclostrobin Azoxystrobin & Picoxystrobin Fluoxastrobin Trifloxystrobin Fenamidone Metominostrobin Famoxadone
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Spectrum of Activity The QoI fungicides control a broad spectrum of fungal diseases Downy mildews Powdery mildews Leaf spotting Blighting fungi Fruit rotters Rusts
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Compatible Crops Cereals Field crops/Vegetables Turf Fruits
Ornamentals
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Mobility Fungicide can be found on both leaf surfaces even if only one leaf surface was treated Translaminar movement can take one to several days to be fully effective Fungicides such as Pyraclostobin, kresoxim methyl and trifloxystrobin-which are not true systemics (mesostemics / surface systemics) The fungicide azoxystrobin moves translaminarly as well as systemically (in the plant's vascular system)
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Importance of Mobility
Translaminar movement help to compensate for incomplete spray coverage Vapor phase redistribution help to compensate for poor crop coverage Several days may be required for adequate protection Concerns curative disease control Excellent as preventive fungicides - effectively kill germinating spores Best use of QoI fungicides is to apply them before fungus development infection takes place.
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Protection stages of fungal growth
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Strobilurin fungicide MOA
Inhibit mitochondrial respiration in fungi Bind at the Qo-centre on cytochrome b & block electron transfer between cytochrome b & cytochrome c1 This disrupts the energy cycle within the fungus by halting the production of ATP
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Resistance Management
Limit the number of applications Limit the number of consecutive applications Pre-mixtures are preferable Use them at early stages of disease development (Preventive/Protective action) Tank mix with other fungicides
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Effects on Plant Health
Several QoI fungicides are known to cause growth-promoting effects In certain plants Pyraclostrobin has been shown to cause changes Growth enhancement Delayed leaf senescence Greater stress tolerance Quality improvement
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Cabrio Top Cabrio Top Cabrio Top
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Powerful Innovative Fungicides in SL Market
Clutch Amista Nativo Acrobat
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Strobilurine Fungicides in SL
Clutch Amista Nativo Active Ingrediant & Formulation Clutch 60% WG Metiram 55 % + Pyraclostrobin 5% Amista 250SC Azoxystrobin 250g/l Nativo 75% WG Tebuconazole 500g/Kg + Triflocxystrobin 250g/Kg Recommendation 600g / acre AI - 30g 120ml/acre AI- 37.5g 76g-96 g/ acre Farmer Practice 60g * 10 tanks 15ml * 10 tanks 10g* 10 tanks AI per acre 30g 37.5g 50g + 25g Price 600g- 3050/= 100ml-1500/= 100g-3050/=
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Cabrio Top Amista Nativo Active Ingredient & Formulation Clutch 60% WG
Metiram 55 % + Pyraclostrobin 5% Amista 250SC Azoxystrobin 250g/l Nativo 75% WG Tebuconazole 500g/Kg + Triflocxystrobin 250g/Kg Mobility Exellent Translamina activity Xylem immobile Xylem mobile Soil activity Not uptake by roots Uptake by immerging shoots Activity on leaves Only translamina Translamina & actively move to xylems Plant Health Effect Not moves in to leaflets, unless direct contact Moves in to leaflets
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Cabrio Top Amista Nativo Plant Health Effect Very high Low Medium
Curative and Protective action Protectant – Primary means of control. Curative activity on selected fungi and crops. Toxicity Moderately toxic (Blue label) Slightly toxic (Green Label) (Blue Label) Re entry interval 12hrs 4hrs Interval 7-14days Label Recommendations in SL Onion- Purple blotch Curcurbits-Powdery Mildew Cucurbitacea family- Downey Mildew Banana- Sigatoka Cucurbitacea family- Powdery Mildew Onion- Purple blotch, Anthracnose Capsicum- Anthracnose
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Cabrio Top & Acrobat Cabrio Top Acrobat Active Ingredients Cabrio Top 60% WG Metiram 55 % + Pyraclostrobin 5% Acrobat MZ 690WP Dimethomorpg 90g/Kg Mancozeb 600g/Kg Controlling Diseases Best suited for Ascomycetes & Basidiomycetes Powdery Mildews Alternaria Sigatoka Leaf Spots Stem & Twig Canker Anthracnose Fruit diseases Post harvest disease Not much suited to control oomycetes Best suited for Oomycetes Phytophthora- Late blight in tomato and Potato Peronospora- Downy mildew in tobacco, lettuce Bremia – Downly mildew in lettuce Haloperonospora Peronosclerospora- Downney mildew in Corn Plasmopara - Downey mildew in Grapes Pseudoperonospora- Downy mildew in cucurbits Sclerophthora- Downey mildew in corn Sorghum Sclerospora- Downey mildew in corn Sorghum & Sugar cane Not much suited to control ascomycetes & basidiomycetes
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Clutch and Acrobat Clutch Acrobat Recommendation 600g/ac 800g/ac
Application time Best suited as a preventive fungicide/ Apply before infection Not suited for high disease intencity time Best suited as curative fungicide , for some fungus works in Eradicative stage also Could apply at the high disease intensity time Mobility Translamina Systemic, Xylem mobile Plant Health/Agcelence Improve the quality and yield parameters Increase the life cycle of the crop Increase the productivity Increase the time take perish……….etc No such effect
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Effective use of CT and AT/Ridol
Identify the critical stages of the crop life cycle, which is possible to expose diseases Decide the most appropriate fungicide accordingly
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Thank You
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