1. Environmental & oCCUPATIONAl Health Engineering TEchnology
Mrs. Boyd
OSH 320

2. Economics & environmental

3. Market economy
Controlled by individuals (pricing, production and distribution)
U.S. and Europe demonstrate this type economy

4. Command Economy Controlled by the government or state
China is a good example of this type of economy

5. Example: Waste Water Permit
You are given guidelines for your industry from the City of Murray if they do your pre-treatment (you don’t go straight into the creek)
Oil and Grease = not to exceed 5 mg/L
Total Suspended Solids = not to exceed 10 mg/L
Phosphorus= not to exceed 3 mg/L

6. Example: Waste water permit (cont.)
Biochemical oxygen demand= 1 pound of BOD or less
(Surcharge - $3/pound of BOD)
pH = 7.8 or lower
Your plant produces 10,000 pounds of BOD in January
10,000 pounds – 1 pound = 9,999 pounds X $3 =
$29,997 (surcharge)

7. Industry Industry in this example is an example of a market economy
They are given permit guidelines from the City of Murray
They can choose to produce more than what is required and pay a surcharge (type of fee)

8. City of Murray Waste water plant
City Waste Water Plant is an example of a command economy.
It is controlled by the state and fines will be brought against them for being of violation of what the KY Division of Water has told them is their permitted amount
They are unable to just pay surcharges

9. Class Activity We will have 3 separate groups Regulators Ace
Deuce Petrochemicals

10. Regulators Ask the industries what their abatement costs are
Come up with 2 different theories
Command and control route –permit and fines
Market-based environmental policy route-limit and let them buy and trade permits for a price beyond that limit

11. Deuce and Ace Once you get your limit
Come up with abatement cost and ideas on how many extra permits would be needed
Present and then talk about trade with opposing company

12. Green Taxes Taxes levied on raw materials
Promotes more efficient use of resources
Automobile manufacturers
Taxes can be used to stimulate a more efficient use of resources
Coaling mining
Severance tax (user tax)

13. Full Cost Pricing Cost of product includes taxing
Electrical companies are made to pay an extra 15% for environmental externalities when improving plants
Full cost pricing is beneficial part of cost-benefit analysis

14. Economic incentives
Money given to companies to encourage research and development
Government might donate land
Government grants
Tax breaks
Individuals
Installation of solar panels in the 80’s ~ tax credits

15. Tradable or Marketable permits
Companies that produce air and water pollution
A way for the government to regulate pollution
License that allow a certain amount of emissions
They can be bought in sold

16. Clean Air Act 1990 amendment
Marketable permits established for sulfur dioxide
Previously state and government just set limits for sulfur dioxide
Companies had no incentive to produce less

17. Marketable permit-Example
Your company produces 3,000 tons of SO2
Limit of releasing only 1,500 tons S02
You will install engineering device to reduce you levels to 750 tons
You will now have 750 emissions “credit”

18. Frontier ethics Helps promote social order
View of the Earth as unlimited resources for human use only
Life is short, so use resources as quickly as we can
Relates back to the way of thinking our ancestors had

19. Sustainable ethics Resources are limited
They are not exclusively for human use/ecological justice
Not a new thought process
Native Americans use this methodology-central to long term survival of people

20. Directive principles The Earth’s resources are limited
Humans are a part of nature
Key to success is cooperation
Natural systems are essential to human welfare

21. 5 operating principles Conservation Recycling Renewable-resource use
Restoration
Population control

22. Intergenerational equity
Fairness to future generations
Right to benefit from the Earth
We have an obligation to protect the Earth
Environmental justice
Fossil fuel users
Do users of fossil fuels have obligations to those that do not?

23. Biocentric views Non human inhabitants to be of primary concern
Human priorities should take a back seat
Biodiversity is more important than human welfare
Doesn’t take in regard to economic value of those decisions

24. Ecocentric view
Evolution, adaptation, and nutrients cycles to be most important
Whole is more important than the individual
A deer herd could be culled to protect its habitat
This book is heavily weighted with this viewpoint