1. URBAN GEOGRAPHY
Chapter 9

2. When and Why Did People Start Living in Cities?
City: A conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics
Urban: The buildup of the city and surrounding environs connected to the city (central city and suburbs)
Urbanization: Movement of people from rural to urban areas—can happen very quickly in the modern world

3. Urban Population

4. Origins of Urbanization
Agricultural villages
Began about 10,000 years ago
Relatively small, egalitarian villages, where most of the population was involved in agriculture
The first urban revolution: Enabling components
An agricultural surplus
Social stratification (leadership class)

5. Hearths of Urbanization

6. Hearths of Urbanization
Mesopotamia, 3500 BCE
Nile River Valley, 3200 BCE
Indus River Valley, 2200 BCE
Huang He and Wei River Valleys, 1500 BCE
Mesoamerica, 200 BCE

7. Indus River Valley Harappa and Mohenjo- Daro Intricately planned
Houses equal in size
No palaces
No monuments

8. Huang He and Wei River Valleys
Purposefully planned cities
Centered on a north-south axis
Inner wall built around center
Temples and palaces for the leadership class
Terracotta warriors guarding the tomb of
the Chinese Emperor Qin Xi Huang

9. Mesoamerica
Mayan and Aztec cities: Theocratic centers where rulers were deemed to have divine authority and were god-kings

10. Diffusion of Urbanization
Greek cities (by 500 BCE)
Greeks highly urbanized
Network of more than 500 cities and towns on the mainland and on islands
Acropolis (buildings on a height of land) and an agora (open public space) in each city
Roman cities
A system of cities and small towns, linked together by hundreds of miles of roads and sea routes
Sites of Roman cities typically for trade
Forum a combination of the acropolis and agora into one space
Extreme wealth and extreme poverty

11. Parthenon, Greece
Nimes Aqueduct, France
Coliseum, Rome
Acropolis, Greece

12. Parthenon, Greece
Lincoln Memorial, DC

13. Diffusion of Urbanization
Greek cities (by 500 BCE)
Greeks highly urbanized
Network of more than 500 cities and towns on the mainland and on islands
Acropolis (buildings on a height of land) and an agora (open public space) in each city
Roman cities
A system of cities and small towns, linked together by hundreds of miles of roads and sea routes
Sites of Roman cities typically for trade
Forum a combination of the acropolis and agora into one space
Extreme wealth and extreme poverty

14. Roman Empire

15. Urban Growth after Greece and Rome
Europe
Middle Ages (500–1300)
Little urban growth, even decline
Asia
Centers along the Silk Road
Urban growth in Korea, Japan
West Africa
The Americas

16. Cities in the Age of Exploration
Early Eurasian centers
Crescent-shaped zone from England to Japan
Most cities sited in continental interiors
Maritime exploration
Change in situation to favor coastal locations
Continued importance under colonialism
Wealth for mercantile cities of Europe
European model for cities in colonies

17. The Second Urban Revolution
A large-scale movement of people to cities to work in manufacturing, made possible by
1. Second agricultural revolution that improved food production and created a larger surplus
2. Industrialization, which encouraged growth of cities near industrial resources
Favored places
Had undergone the second agricultural revolution
Possessed industrial resources
Possessed capital from mercantilism and colonialism

18. Industrialization in Europe

19. Where Are Cities Located, and Why?
Site
Absolute location
Static location, never changes, often chosen for trade, defense, climate or religion
Situation
Relative location
A city’s place in the region and the world around it
Trade area: An adjacent region within which a city’s influence is dominant

20. John Borchert has created five epochs that explain the evolution of transportation.
•The first epoch is known as the Sail and Wagon Epoch. ( )
•The second epoch is known as the Steamboat Iron Horse Epoch. (1830 – 1870)
•The third epoch is known as Steel Rail or long haul. ( )
•The fourth epoch is known as Auto/Air Amenity Epoch. (1920 – 1970)
•The fifth and final epoch is known as the Satellite-Electronic-Jet Propulsion(1970-present)

21. The first epoch is called the sail and wagon epoch
Energy for shipping was wind power.
On land, was the wagon.
Travel on land was slow, so most urban places were ports on the sea coasts or interior water ways.
Canals were built to improve access.
In 1790 most of the largest cities were either ports or water power sites, called fall line

22. New York Harbor was perfect.

23. Boston Harbor, not quite as large as New York, but essentially perfect.

25. The second epoch, the steamboat - iron horse epoch During the Steamboat and Short-haul Railroad Era, ports on interior water ways became favored for urbanization.

26. The Midwest developed during the Steamboat and Early Railroad Era.

27. St. Louis was a perfect site for a river port.

28. The third epoch, the long haul or steel-rail epoch,
Growth of the railroad network caused ports to lose rank.
dramatically improved land transportation
eliminated riverboat traffic.
steam and electricity were applied to the manufacturing process which enabled factory owners to establish plants away from water power sites.
As a result, many new manufacturing towns developed.

29. The fourth epoch, the automobile epoch,
Now the dense network of roads makes it possible for cars and trucks to travel to just about every place in the country.
This is described as "surface-like," a situation where movement is possible in any direction with equal ease. The advent of this epoch freed urbanization from the network of the railroad lines.

30. New sites for urbanization
AMENITY locations, based on attractive sites, emerged as foci for urban development.
Sun Belt
Ocean coasts
Mountain resorts
Lake shores

31. Central Place Theory Developed by Walter Christaller
Predicts how and where central places in the urban hierarchy (hamlets, villages, towns, and cities) are functionally and spatially distributed
Assumes that
Surface is flat with no physical barriers
Soil fertility is the same everywhere
Population and purchasing power are evenly distributed
Region has uniform transportation network
From any given place, a good or service could be sold in all directions out to a certain distance

32. His landscape was perfectly flat.
Products and people were evenly placed across the landscape.
Everybody had the same income (guess he never heard of pro sports).
Distances to places became important because in Christaller's world, everybody could travel in a straight line in any direction they wanted.
Finally, Christaller said that every person would travel to the closest place that would supply the product that they wanted.

33. Range: There are two types of Range; Low Range and High Range.
Low range goods are goods you will not travel to far to purchase, for example, a carton of milk.
High range goods are goods you will travel great distances to purchase, like going to a concert or attending a pro sports event.

34. Threshold: Threshold is the number of people that live in a region in order for a business to have enough customers to show a profit. This is another way of saying "market". There are two types of Threshold; High Threshold and Low Threshold. Threshold assumes some business activities will be used more often than others.
Grocery stores are used almost daily by most people. These businesses are called Low Threshold businesses.
Pro sports events are not used very often by most people and therefore are considered to be High Threshold business.
Low threshold businesses, like Grocery stores, can be located in communities with very low populations because they are used more often.
High Threshold businesses, like pro sports teams, need to be located in large, urban centers because they are used so infrequently by most people.

35. Hinterland is the region or area that is serviced by a community or business. The way threshold explains the number of people in a market region, hinterlands explains it in geographic terms. Some geographers say that the hinterland is the region that a good or service draws people from. Either way you look at it, hinterland explains markets in geographic terms (land size).

36. Function is the good or service that a business or community provides its hinterland. From the terms Range, Threshold, Hinterland, and Function urban geographers were able to develop a way of grouping cities by how they provided goods or services to their hinterlands. This system of grouping is called Urban Hierarchy.

37. Urban Hierarchy assumes that cities can be grouped by the functions (services) they provide.
Geographers divided these groupings into the following categories; Hamlet, Village, Town, City, and Primate City.
A Hamlet is any place with less than 500 people and a good or service is provided for them. Many times a hamlet is nothing more than a crossroads store and one or two homes near the store.
A Village is a small settlement usually found in a rural setting. Some geographers define villages as having between 500 and 2,500 people. In most parts of the world, a village is not considered to be large enough to be called an urban area. These villages usually are involved in only one economic activity like fishing, mining, or farming. Villages provide basic goods and services for the inhabitants of the village and for people in a small hinterland around the village. Villages are often centers of local government. Villages provide more services than a hamlet can offer, but not as much as a town.

38. A Town is an urban settlement generally larger, and with greater variety of functions and services, than a village, but smaller, and with fewer services than a city. Some geographers further define a town as having 2,500 to 20,000 residents. Towns usually have local self government, and they may grow around specialized economic activities, such as mining or railroading. In some parts of the United States, a town or township is also a subdivision of a county.
A City offers more services than a town. Cities have more than 20,000 people and can have upwards of a million people. Cities are often the regional center of government and trade. The previous readings in this series have covered some of the other characteristics of cities.

39. Hexagonal Hinterlands
C = city
T = town
V = village
H = hamlet

40. Trade Areas

41. Rank-Size Rule Characteristic of a model urban hierarchy
The population of the city or town is inversely proportional to its rank in the hierarchy
For example:
largest city = 12 million
2nd largest = 6 million
3rd largest = 4 million
4th largest = 3 million
Primate city: The leading city of a country, disproportionately larger than the rest of the cities

42. How Are Cities Organized, and How Do They Function?
Urban morphology: The layout of a city, its physical form and structure
Functional zonation: The division of the city into certain regions (zones) for certain functions (purposes)

43. Zones of the City Zones Central business district (CBD)
Central City (the CBD + older housing zones)
Suburb (outlying, functionally uniform zone outside of the central city)
Modeling the North American city
Concentric zone model (Ernest Burgess)
Sector model (Homer Hoyt)
Multiple-nuclei model (Chauncy Harris and Edward Ullman)

44. Classical Models of Urban Structure

45. Edge Cities
Suburban downtowns, often located near key freeway intersections, including
Office complexes
Shopping centers
Hotels
Restaurants
Entertainment facilities
Sports complexes

46. Urban Realms Model
Each realm a separate economic, social, and political entity that is linked together to form a larger metropolitan framework

47. Cities of the Periphery and Semi-Periphery: Latin America
Griffin-Ford model
Blend of Latin American traditions with globalization
Disamenity sectors
Not connected to city services
May be controlled by gangs and drug lords
Industrial park
Gentrification area

48. Cities of the Periphery and Semi-Periphery: Subsaharan Africa
De Blij model
Low levels of urbanization but rapid growth rates
European colonial imprint

49. Cities of the Periphery and Semi-Periphery: Southeast Asia
McGee model
Colonial port and surrounding commercial zone as focal point

50. How Do People Make Cities?
Role of powerful social and cultural forces
Periphery and semi-periphery
Sharp contrast between rich and poor
Often lack zoning laws or enforcement of zoning laws
Luanda, Angola
Tokyo, Japan

51. Making Cities in the Global Core
Redlining: Financial institutions refusing to lend money in certain neighborhoods
Blockbusting : Realtors purposefully selling a home at a low price to an African American and then soliciting white residents to sell their homes at low prices, to generate “white flight”

52. Making Cities in the Global Core
Gentrification: Individuals buying and rehabilitating houses, raising the housing value in the neighborhood
Commercialization: City government transforming a central city to attract residents and tourists, often in stark contrast to the rest of the central city
Tear-downs: Houses that new owners buy with the intention of tearing them down to build much larger homes
McMansions: Large homes, often built to the outer limits of the lot

53. Urban Sprawl
Unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning

54. New Urbanism
Development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs
Concerns
Privatization of public spaces
Failure to address conditions that create social ills of cities
Countering urban sprawl

55. Gated Communities
Neighborhoods with controlled gate (access) for people and vehicles
Private security
Rapid diffusion to Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America
Security for wealthy in poor countries
Use for low-income communities in core countries

56. Ethnic Neighborhoods European cities: Neighborhoods of migrants
Cities of the periphery and semi-periphery

57. What Role Do Cities Play in Globalization?
Function of world cities beyond state boundaries
World cities as nodes in globalization
Primate cities with concentration of development, interconnectedness
Primate cities in former colonies

58. World Cities

59. Alpha++ world cities: London, New York
Alpha+ world cities: Hong Kong, Paris, Singapore, Tokyo, Shanghai, Chicago, Dubai,
Sydney