1. DEVIANCE IN SPORT Watch the video clip and make a list of
The different ‘types’ of deviance you see
Who is being deviant?

2. In this topic We are going to discuss the following: Deviance Violence
Hooliganism

3. Deviance
Behaviour that falls outside the norms or outside what is deemed acceptable.
Positive deviance – no intention to harm or break rules
Negative deviance – has a detrimental effect on individuals and on society in general

4. Positive Deviance Examples Playing with an injury – (praised by media)
Playing within the rules and etiquette of the game but accidentally injuring another player
Any example where the behaviour is outside what is classed as ‘normal’ but has no harmful effect

5. Negative Deviance
When a player, spectator, or anyone involved within sport behaves in a way that knowingly and intentionally breaks the rules and/or ethics of the sport
Examples
Using performance enhancing drugs
Cheating
Bribery
Hooliganism
Illegal betting
Violence

6. Relative Deviance
Deviant behaviour that is not acceptable in the wider society, but may be deemed acceptable by those involved in a sub-culture
Examples
Rugby players using fists – as long as its not ‘too nasty’
Standing in front of the goal keeper when a free kick/corner is being taken
A fast curve ball in baseball – not too near the face/body

7. Possible causes of deviant behaviour
Players lack morals
Value winning more than loss of respect/punishment
Rewards of winning out way everything else
Deviant behaviour could be more socially acceptable
NGBs less able to punish deviance (court costs/media influence)

8. Possible reasons for deviant behaviour by players
Pressure from media
High expectation of supporters
Financial rewards
Fear of losing contract/hire and fire culture
Retaliation due to foul play
Officials decisions

9. What are sporting authorities doing to decrease deviant behaviour?
On the field – penalties/bookings/sendings off;
Off the field – fines/bans;
Club fined/points deducted;
Games behind closed doors;
Players code of conduct;
Better qualified/fitter/full time officials;
Increased use of technology/4th official/hawkeye;
Greater communication between officials;
Players cited after games for foul play;
Fair Play Awards

10. Quick questions 1) What do you understand by the term
Positive deviance?
Negative deviance
Relative deviance?
2) Can you give an example of each.
3) Why might a player show deviant behaviour?
4) What being done to prevent deviance by players?

11. Violence in Sport Violence in sport occurs between
Players / participants
Spectators – hooliganism

12. Violence between players
Spontaneous outburst
Predetermined and planned action
Why do players become violent?
Genetic predisposition
Frustration
Loss of self identity
Social learning – imitating others

13. Violence between players
Controlling violent behaviour is the role of the
Player
Team captain / manager
Coach
NGB

15. Dealing with violence – NGBs
Training officials to deal with violence
Match officials and their decisions are supported – does this always happen?
Punishing players post match
Use of post match video evidence
Good disciplinary record as role models
Fair play awards

16. How should good behaviour be advertised?
Players should set good examples (role models)
These players should be praised – coaches and the media
Have a clear code of conduct
Stress appropriate behaviour in team talks
Punish those who fail to meet the code of conduct / play substitutes in their place
Try to avoid over arousal, keep those with a low flash point out of highly stressful situations
Train players to manage their own stress levels
Avoid the attitude of ‘winning at all costs’

17. Sportsmanship and Gamesmanship
Sportsmanship - playing by the unwritten rules / code of ethics / fair play / etiquette

18. Sportsmanship and Gamesmanship
Gamesmanship – art of winning games by cunning means without actually cheating / breaking the rules
Sportsmanship v Gamesmanship

19. Hooliganism Marseille, The EURO's 2016
Violence amongst spectators is know as hooliganism
The behaviour of those who engage in unruly, destructive or violent acts
Although hooliganism can occur in any sport, sadly, it is more than often than not linked to professional football
Russia's Hooligan Army

20. What is hooliganism ? Ritualised aggression
Marsh 1978 stated that football aggression is ‘a ceremonial system for resolving conflict’
He saw aggressive behaviour at football matches as ritualised and organised
The aggressive behaviour has rules and structure
A great deal of this behaviour is not of a serious nature

21. What is hooliganism? Reaction to middle class colonization of football
Football has been traditionally ‘working man’s game’
Increasing numbers of middle-classes now attend matches due to all seater stadiums; more family attendance; corporate hospitality
Taylor (1971) suggests football is now a passive spectator sport rather than a participatory spectator sport - rise in hooliganism is a response to this loss of control

22. Characteristics of hooliganism or hooligan behaviour
Confrontations are often
Pre-organised
Looking for conflict with authorities (especially the police)
Linked to the consumption of alcohol
Large scale with many people (loss of self)
This behaviour can take place
In grounds
In streets
In city centres
In pubs
On public transport
Abroad

23. Hooligan firms
Hooligans are said to work in gangs also known as ‘firms’
These are well known and well established gangs whose loyalty to their club is unquestionable
Whilst some firms are less violent and more submissive than others, there are some firms who have hit the headlines many times and have been in the news, and even documentaries and films

24. Striking images of hooliganism
Hooligans? Or just following the crowd?

25. What causes hooliganism?
Nature of the sport e.g. Violent traditions
Religious differences
Old rivalries – local derby
Nationalism – seeing other countries /team fans as the enemy
Reaction of working class to ‘take over’ of football by middle class spectators
Political notions linked to racism e.g. England v Germany
Media hype/importance of the match
On pitch action – violence on pitch copied in terraces, referee’s decisions can lead to frustration
Alcohol
Lack of action in past by authorities
Thrill seeking/adrenalin rush/habitual
Nature of stadium e.g. Lack of segregation
Unemployment leading to lack of self value and self worth within society
Young working class males releasing aggressive tendencies
Tribalism – protection of territory

26. Ways in which the media contribute to football hooliganism
Media reports help to form attitudes of public and politicians/decision makers
Media can create an atmosphere in which rational appraisal is difficult
Use of derogatory terms e.g. ‘thugs’ ’savages’
Media reports reinforce public belief that hooliganism is a major threat
Media contribute to ‘moral panic’
Media reporting is often biased not just reporting events

27. The media and Hooliganism
BBC sport and racism
What sports are involved?
Why are the media reporting it?
What is the outcome or what should be the outcome?
Are campaigns working ?

28. Egypt Case study http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/16856468
Watch the video clip on the BBC web page.
What were the causes of the violence?
How could it have been dealt with better?

29. Riots start in the stands whilst the game is still being played
Crowds march onto the pitch in their hundreds
Police attempt to calm the situation
Players flee from the pitch

30. Egypt case study
This case study shows acts of deviant behaviour. It shows acts of violence between the supporters from both teams (hooliganism), and with the police and officials. Lots of people are caught up in the behaviour. Sadly over 70 people died in this riot
Some suggest that the violence was pre- organised, and was politically based. The police were aware of known hooligans within the crowd, and were there in number, but clearly did not do enough to stop the rioting

31. Preventing Hooliganism
Tighter security/CCTV/more police presence
Heavier punishments/bans/Educate supporters/make aware of punishments
Family enclosures/segregate fans
Community work with police/undercover police
Control/ban alcohol
Players display sportsmanship on the field/don’t incite crowd/act as role models
Responsible media reporting
Players/clubs/communities condemn acts of hooliganism
Develop club/community links
Limit attendances
Clubs devise policies against hooliganism – fair play charters

34. Useful links http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-16311308
_and_places/newsid_ / stm
g/22/football-violence-hooligans

35. Effect of violence on Individuals
Fan violence may lead to poor treatment of legitimate fans.
Held in stadiums
Questioned
Treated with suspicion
Players who are injured as a result of violence may have to end their careers.
Can no longer play
May be psychologically scarred
Livelihood curtailed
Players whose teams are banned from competitions may have their own chances to play in international competitions taken away.
May hinder future transfers

36. Effects of violence on sport
Sport seen as ‘rough’
football and not rugby
Cost of policing games
Clubs put forward some of the cost towards policing games. More police presence, more cost.
Reputation of the club damaged by the supporters

37. Effects of violence on society
Countries seen as having hooligans
The UK has lots of hooligans, where are the US does not – or is this media portrayal?
Damages reputation of the country and all its teams
Economic effects – country loses out on tourism as fears of being caught up in riots
Social effects – teams lose supporters as games are deemed unsafe to attend
Teams and players lose sporting standings as their reputation is damaged

38. Performance enhancing drugs
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Anabolic steroids (testosterone)
Human growth hormone (HGH)
Beta blockers
Diuretics
Stimulants

39. Why do performers take drugs?
Lack moral / ethical boundaries
Belief that ‘everyone else is doing it’
Lack of physical or psychological attributes to make it to elite level
Not fully aware of the drugs they are using.
Given them by a coach or another performer
Rewards for winning out way all other reasons.
Receive the wrong guidance
Not aware of the long term health benefits
Pressure
Speed up recovery from injury
Performance enhancing drugs cannot guarantee success
But they can help

40. Preventing the use of drugs
Stricter testing
Better laboratory facilities and greater knowledge
Taking action against users
Education of the young in ethics and morals
Education of athletes about the dangers and punishments
Making all performers aware of what is and what is not allowed
WADA - World Anti Doping Code
International body
Framework for anti-doping rules
Promotes research
Produces a list of banned substances
Helps to create anti-drug policies for NGBs
Helps poorer nations with funding

41. Preventing the use of drugs
UK sport
Has primary responsibility within the UK for anti-doping policies and strategies.
Covers all events and training centres in the UK
In 2009 handed over management of their testing programme to National Anti- Doping Organisation (NADO)
NADO
Decides which sports have to provide information about a players whereabouts
Athletes on the system will be agreed by NADo and NGBs.
Performers will be required to provide quarterly information on their whereabouts, training and competition details and contact details.
Missed tests will count as a strike
Three strikes and a sanction of 1-2 years suspension will be granted.

42. What is being done to deter performers from taking drugs?
NGBs are educating players and youngsters
Performers more aware of the testing regimes
Performers more aware about what is and what is not allowed
More non-warning tests
Severity of punishments has increased
More consistent approach amongst countries in relation to testing regimes
Positive roles models to educate and encourage others.
More sophisticated tests
More use of the law so that both those who use and those who supply are open to prosecution

43. Should PEDs be banned? NO
Testing and defending decisions in court is time consuming and expensive, money would be better used in improving support
Detection is not always effective and varies between countries. This makes it unfair and performers are not always treated the same
Athletes have access to behind the counter tests. So those with the most up to date technology can/will go undetected for a while
There is a fine line between nutritional supplement and drug
Is a performer is aware of the health risks and still makes the decision to take the drug, it is their moral decision to do so
If the use of PEDs improves performance and this leads to new records being set, this makes the sport more exciting, which in turn will attract more attention, media, spectators, sponsorship, money etc.
If the use of a PED is a personal decision you have achieved a level playing field for all

44. Should PEDs be banned ? YES
Most PEDs have harmful side effects which are known
If a PED becomes legalised it will be assumed that you cannot succeed without it. This would put pressure on all performers to, especially the young and uninformed, who may not know the detrimental health effects
Performers may come under pressure from coaches or team mates
The cost mean that it is not a level playing field. Most PEDs are very costly
Sport is the utilisation of natural talent and the use of drugs dismisses this fact
Training aids are used to enhance or develop a predisposition all ready in the performer, where as PEDs give the performer something that was not there. This artificial enhancement is wrong and dangerous

45. Sport and the Law BOSMAN RULING
The ruling by the European court of Justice that states that a professional player has the right to a free transfer at the end of his/her contract
SPORT LAW
A body of legislation, case law and precedence that applies to sport
Some lawyers now specialise in sport law
Players, managers, officials, agents and negotiators will be well versed in the law so they know how to act to stay with in it

46. Bosman Ruling
Gave footballers the right to move to another club on a free transfer at the end of their contract
The existing club cannot ask for a transfer fee or retain the players licence

47. Why might performers need the protection of the law?
1. Opposition player fouls/protection from violence/compensation claims; 2. Off field of play – contracts with employers/administration of wages/assets/Bosman ruling; 3. Sponsorship deals/commercial deals; 4. Protection from media intrusion intro private life; 5. Protection from hooligans/fans during and after games; 6. Maintenance of restricted areas during training/competitions; 7. Protection from racism/equal opportunities.; 8. Appeals against NGB decision/disciplinary actions/drug tests

48. Watch the Video Clip Player vs Ball boy
One of you will represent Eden Hazard
One of you will represent the ball boy
Come up with an argument as a lawyer for each person involved
Who ever has the strongest case will win

49. Law in relation to officials
Open to investigation due to decision making, bribery and corruption. (cricket corruption in India 2012)
Liable for prosecution if a player sustains an injury due to negligence by the referee
Duty of care to all those involved and must not put anybody in danger through avoidable or predictable events

50. Read the news paper article
The case – Mark Clattenburg is referring between Chelsea and Manchester united. Some of the Chelsea (and Manchester United) players claim to have heard Clattenburg call Mikel a ‘monkey’. Mikel didn’t hear the comment, but was told by team mates afterwards and now wants to press charges.
NOW - Mark Clattenburg is considering suing Chelsea football club after claims he used racist language towards one of their player John Obi Mikel.
TASK - With this case there are too many loop holes. What can be done in the future to prevent this kind of accusation occurring
The Outcome –
Clattenburg is cleared by FA but his career remains damaged.
Mikel is charged with misconduct.
Referees are to be privately recorded in the future – will this happen?
More information – click here

51. Law in relation to managers, agents, directors and club owners
Complex dealing when selling/buying players
Financial aspects of sport
Corruption
Bonuses
Off shore accounts
Health and safety of spectators and fans within the stadium
Hillsborough disaster
All seater stadiums
Removal of fencing
Changes in ticket allocation

52. Law in relation to spectators
Spectators must act within the law
Public order acts dont allow
Pitch invasions – eg hearts £4000 fine by Uefa
Obscene chanting – arrests
Foul language – banned from games
Racism – arrested and banned
Hooligan behaviours – prison sentences