1. Concepts of Development
AP Human Geography
Concepts of Development

2. What determines economic development?
Resources
Population
Colonial status
Geographic Location
Climate

3. What does development look like?

4. What does development look like?

5. What does development look like?

6. How is development measured?
Gross Domestic Product Per Capita
aka GDP per capita
value of goods and services produced within a country within a given year
Other similar measures include GNP (broader value), PPP
Usually calculated in US dollars to allow comparisons between countries

7. Measuring Development
Gross Domestic Product per Capita
High human development
25,167
Medium human development
1,237
Low human development
358

8. Gross Domestic Product High Human Development

9. Gross Domestic Product Medium Human Development

10. Gross Domestic Product Low Human Development

11. How is development measured?
Rates
Literacy
Infant mortality
Caloric intake
Natural increase
Inflation

12. How is development measured?
Occupational Structure of the Workforce
PRIMARY (agriculture)
SECONDARY (industry)
TERTIARY (services)
QUATERNARY
QUINARY

13. Occupational Structure
China GDP $6,200
agriculture 49%, industry 22%, services 29%
Australia GDP $32,000
agriculture 3.7%, industry 26.4%, services 70%
Philippines GDP $5,100
agriculture 36%, industry 16%, services 48%

14. Occupational Structure
Luxembourg GDP $59,143
Agriculture 1%, industry 30%, services 69%
Singapore GDP $21,492
agriculture 0%, industry 30%, services 70%
Equatorial Guinea GDP $5,900
agriculture 20%, industry 60%, services 20%

15. Occupational Structure
Haiti GDP $346
Agriculture 32%, industry 20%, services 48%
Malawi GDP $156
agriculture 37%, industry 29%, services 34%

16. Other Measures of Development
Unemployment The number of people who (in a given year) were not working but were available for work and had taken steps to seek work. In some circumstances where employment opportunities are particularly limited in a country, the last criteria ("had taken steps to seek work") may be relaxed.

17. Other Measures of Development
Telephone Lines Number of subscriber lines (business and residential) plus public telephones per 100 inhabitants. This series is calculated by dividing the number of main lines by the population, and multiplying by 100.

18. Other Measures of Development
Undernourished The percentage of the population whose food intake falls below the minimum requirement needed to meet dietary energy requirements on a regular basis.

19. Other Measures of Development
Television Receivers Number of television receivers and/or number of licenses issued per thousand inhabitants.
Water Resources per Capita Average amount of water that is available per person from rivers and groundwater each year.

20. HDI Index Life Expectancy Adult Literacy GDP (US$)
Rank
HDI Index
Life Expectancy
Adult Literacy
GDP (US$)
  Arab States
0.679 67
64.1
2,611
  East Asia and the Pacific
0.768
70.5
90.4
1,512
  Latin America / Caribbean
0.797
71.9
89.6
3,275
  South Asia
0.628
63.4
58.9
617
  Sub-Saharan Africa
0.515
46.1
60.5
633
OECD
0.892
77.7 na
25,750
World
0.741
67.1
5,801
High Human Development 1
Norway
0.963
79.4 99
48,412 10
United States
0.944
77.4
37,648 11
Japan
0.943 82
33,713 42
Slovakia
0.849 74
99.6
6,033 47
Costa Rica
0.838
78.2
95.8
4,352 53
Mexico
0.814
75.1
90.3
6,121
Medium Human Development 75
Venezuela
0.772
72.9 93
3,326 83
Armenia
0.759
71.5
99.4
918 84
Philippines
0.758
70.4
92.6
989 94
Turkey
0.75
68.7
88.3
3,399
108
Viet Nam
0.704
482
144
Uganda
0.508
47.3
68.9
249
Low Human Development
159
Rwanda
0.45
43.9 64
195
166
Zambia
0.394
37.5
67.9
417

21. New International Division of Labor

22. Measuring Development
Social Indicators
Education and Literacy

23. Measuring Development
Social Indicators
Health and Welfare

24. Location of More and Less Developed Countries
Development generally reflects a North-South split in the world.

25. Human Development Index
Created by the United Nations
Measures three types of factors: economic, social, and demographic
Economic factor selected GDP per capita
Social factors are literacy and amount of education
Demographic factor is life expectancy
Factors combined for a maximum of 1.0 or 100%
2001: Norway #1 with .944

27. GNP Map

28. Concepts of Development
Developed vs underdeveloped
Developing?
LDC vs MDC

29. Core Periphery Model Scholars argued for this new approach
Sensitive to geographical differences and the relationships among development processes occurring in different places
Focuses on economic relationships
Core
Periphery
Semi periphery

30. Core Periphery Model Core Regions
High levels of socioeconomic prosperity
Dominant players in global economic game
Anglo America HDI .94
Japan and the South Pacific HDI .93
Western Europe HDI .92
Eastern Europe HDI .78

31. Core Periphery Model Periphery Poor regions Dependent on the core
Do not have much control over their own affairs

32. Periphery Regions Latin America HDI .78 East Asia HDI .72
Southeast Asia HDI .71
Middle East HDI .66
South Asia HDI .58
Sub Saharan Africa HDI .47

33. Core Periphery Model Semi Periphery
Regions that exert more power than periphery regions
Dominated to some degree by core

34. The North South Divide
Based on the 1980’s Brandt Report. Suggested a simplified world contrast of development and undevelopment based on degree of industrialization and per capita wealth.

35. Models of Development Liberal Models
All countries are capable of development
Economic disparities are a result of short term inefficiencies in local or regional market forces

36. Models of Development Structuralist Models
Regional disparities are a structural feature of the global economy
Things have come to be organized or structured in a way and cannot be changed easily

37. Modernization Model Walt Rostow, 1950’s Liberal model
Development through international trade
Suggests that all countries follow a similar path through economic development
Traditional
Preconditions to takeoff
Takeoff
Drive to maturity
High mass consumption

38. Traditional Not yet started development
High % of people engaged in subsistence agriculture
High % of wealth allocated to ‘nonproductive activities’ such as religion and military
Rigid and unchanging social structure
Resistence to technological change

39. Preconditions of Takeoff
An elite group initiates innovative economic activity
Country begins investing in new technology and infrastructure
Stimulate increase in productivity
Progressive leadership

40. Takeoff
Rapid growth facilitated by a limited number of economic activities
Some sectors of the economic structure remain dominated by traditional practices
Industrialization, urbanization, mass production

41. Drive to Maturity
Modern technology diffuses to wide variety of industries
Industries experience rapid growth similar to the early takeoff industries
Workers become more skilled and specialized
Modernization in the core
Population growth declines

42. High Mass Consumption
Economy shifts from production of heavy industry such as steel and energy to consumer goods like refrigerators and motor vehicles
High incomes
Widespread production of a variety of goods and services
Majority of workers in service sector of economy

43. Dependency Theory Structuralist alternative to Rostow’s model
Political and economic relationships between countries and regions control and limit the economic development of less well off regions
Dependency helps sustain the prosperity of the dominant regions and the poverty of the lesser regions

44. Dependency Theory
Little hope for economic prosperity in regions and countries that have traditionally been dominated by external power
Based on generalizations that pay little attention to regional differences in culture, politics, and society

45. Colonization of Africa

46. Why do LDC’s face obstacles to development?
Self-sufficiency
International trade
Financing development