1. And the Federalists and Anti-Federalists
John Locke
And the Federalists and Anti-Federalists

2. John Locke English philosopher Lived during “The Glorious Revolution”
Natural Rights: life, liberty, estate
Wrote Second Treatise on Government
People will create a government to protect their possessions
Government will eventually abuse their power
When that happens the citizens should rebel and replace their government

3. Federalist vs. Anti-Federalist
Federalists
Anti-Federalists
James Madison
Alexander Hamilton
Ratify constitution
Strong central government
Thomas Jefferson
Patrick Henry (VA)-
No strong national government
Against the Constitution without a Bill of Rights
Afraid that the president would become a monarchy

4. Federalist Papers
Written to persuade the states to ratify the Constitution
Written by James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay
Most famous are Federalist #10, Federalist #48, and Federalist #51

5. Federalist # 10
“Among the numerous advantages promised by a well constructed union, none deserves to be more accurately developed, than its tendency to break and control the violence of faction.”

6. Protection against Factions
Federalist #10—Written by James Madison
What else did Madison say would protect against factions (from the movie)?

7. # 48 – Separation of Powers
In the proposed government, however, it is the legislative branch that is most likely to abuse power. More power, both unrefined and unlimited, has been granted to it than to the other two branches. In addition, the legislative branch controls the money and has the greatest influence in the determination of salaries paid to government employees. Such a situation invites corruption. Presidential power, on the other hand, is simpler in nature, and the Constitution clearly defines and limits it. The same is true of judicial power. Any attempt by these two branches to infringe upon the Congress would be quickly detected and blocked.

8. Separation of Powers Federalist #48—written by James Madison
What are the 3 branches of government? How does the Constitution divide up these powers?

9. #51 – Checks and Balances
Each branch should be, in Madison's opinion, mostly independent. To assure such independence, no one branch should have too much power in selecting members of the other two branches. If this principle were strictly followed, it would mean that the citizens should select the president, the legislators, and the judges. But the framers recognized certain difficulties in making every office elective. In particular, the judicial branch would suffer because the average person is not aware of the qualifications judges should possess. Judges should have great ability, but also be free of political pressures. Since federal judges are appointed for life, their thinking will not be influenced by the president who appoints them, nor the senators whose consent the president will seek.

10. Checks and Balances Federalist #51—written by James Madison
What is checks and balances? Why are they important? What do they protect us against?

11. #51 – most famous line
If men were angels, no government would be necessary. If angels were to govern men, neither external nor internal controls on government would be necessary.

12. Ratification of the Constitution
Date
State
Yes No
Dec. 7, 1787
Delaware 30
Dec. 11, 1787
Pennsylvania 46 23
Dec
New Jersey 38
Jan. 2, 1788
Georgia 26
Jan. 9, 1788
Connecticut
128 40
Feb. 6, 1788
Massachusetts
187
168
April 26, 1788
Maryland 63 11
May 23, 1788
South Carolina
149 73
June 21, 1788
N. Hampshire 57 47
June 25, 1788
Virginia 89 79
July 26, 1788
New York 27
Nov. 21, 1789
N. Carolina
194 77
May 29, 1790
Rhode Island 34 32
Ratification of the Constitution
Only needed 9 states for the Constitution to be placed in effect.