1. “oyf lzvf do"/f0ff+, gfufgf+ d0fof] oyf
“oyf lzvf do"/f0ff+, gfufgf+ d0fof] oyf . tåjb\ j]bf+uzf:qf0ff+, ul0ft+ d"w{lg l:ytd\ ..”
“oyf lzvf do"/f0ff+, gfufgf+ d0fof] oyf . tåjb\ j]bf+uzf:qf0ff+, ul0ft+ d"w{lg l:ytd\ ..”

2. Manuscript Evidences of Oriental Mathematics in Nepal -E.R.Acharya1
1 University Campus (T.U.)

3. Objectives Explore the Nepalese Mathematician's contributions.
Discuss the Development of Mathematics in Nepal.
Search the basic fundamental contributions in Mathematics.
Explore the development of numerals in Nepal.

4. Abstract
In every aspect we accept that old is gold. So we should link up between classical and modern mathematics. We lack but open eye and ear to find the Orient’s marvels here through the comparison between old and new mathematics. Paradigm shifting in mathematics is the basis of shifting of development. Conservation of manuscript and using history of mathematics is the Goal of mathematics education.

5. Introduction
History of Mathematics is not only exciting, but also important.
The hierarchy of mathematics be in first step of the social development.
Mathematics is one of the major intellectual developments of the human civilizations.
The discovery of numerals are foundation of human civilization.
Discovery of zero is the revolution for the development of mathematics

6. Contd…
“The Universe is written in the language of Mathematics”-Galileo
“Mathematics is the Queen of Sciences and Number Theory is the Queen of Mathematics”-Gauss .
Mathematics is not the work of any one person or nation. Its history spans thousands of years and has touched every major civilization.
The history of teaching mathematics is as old as the human civilization.

7. Historical Background of Nepalese Mathematics
“Oltxf;sf] cWoogn] dfG5]sf] a'l4df hfu/0f NofpF5 . “;"qfTds ul0ftnfO{ JofVofTds agfpg'5”
–kl08tk|j/ k|f=go/fh kGt .
Nepal is now legally and functionally a Democratic Republic country. Today, we have a completely new situation. In this context we should concerned our historical scenarios in Mathematics.

8. Contd…
Mathematical Genesis is the way of development and creations of human beings.
“We lack but open eye and ear to find the Orient’s marvels here”.
The mathematical sense developed the mathematical genesis. Mathematical genesis helps social developments.

9. Contd…
Mathematics is introduced at the time of Prehistory and gradually developed in Vedas and Vedic age continuously now.
Max Muller accepted the Vedic period was in between 1200 B.C B.C. Thus we claim that Nepalese mathematics is very ancient as Vedas. Evidences are announces at this context.

10. Few Nepalese Mathematicians
Sripati : Born in Bharatvarsa; Rohinikhanda in 1019 AD. He concerned his birth place as ‘Rohinikhanda’ in Kapilvastu.
He was very well-known in Sanskrit. “lq:sGwHof]ltMzf:qkf/fjf/kf/L0fMsfJosnfs'zndlt:tqejfg\>LkltM”
His father was Naga Deva Bhatta and grandfather was Keshava Deva Bhatta.

11. Contd…
Halayouth Bhata : Born in Janakpur in 10th century A D, had written prosody on Pingala.

12. Contd…
Laxmi Pati Pande (1758 – 1813 A.D.) was a famous astrologer and mathematician who advised King Prithvi Narayan Shah & Bahadur shah (1757 – 1797 A.D.).
He had written the tikas of Bhashwati and started his Mathematics and Jyotish study. He is found to be the first Nepali astrologer

13. Contd…
BalbhadraJoshi was a residence of Jumla district who had written as the commentary ‘BalBodhani’ of Bhashwati in 1542 A.D. It was very popular in India also he had been prepared a teaching manuals for Mathematics.
This Bhashwati book as a text book of Mathematics.
It helped teaching addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, etc as basic Mathematics books.

14. Contd…
Dharmapatibardhan: Was residence of Kathmandu had written ‘Sumati Siddhanta’ in Shree Jyoti Malla’s empire in Nepal Samvat 523 chaitra 12 Wednesday i.e., ( =1459V.S) to 529 pausha 4 ( =1466 V.S.) within 6 years. it is used for future prediction and to make calendars in Malla Periods.

15. Contd…

16. Contd..
Chakrapani Chalise, has writen Uttana Ganita in A.D. at Gorkha district
In this book he described the Eclips.

17. Gopal Pandeya (A.D. 1847) had written Vyakta Chandrika in A.D 1883.
Contd…
Gopal Pandeya (A.D. 1847) had written Vyakta Chandrika in A.D 1883.
He corrected in some works of the great mathematician Bhaskaracarya (A.D 1114 – 1193), such as rule of three in cube roots.
In A.D G. Pandeya introduced rule of three for cube roots

18. Tika Ram (Marasini) Dhananjay (A.D. 1909-1936.).
Contd..
Nuru Datta Pandeya, written a Gorakha Vij Ganit Shiksha in 1925/1926 A.D.
Tika Ram (Marasini) Dhananjay (A.D ).
Chandrakala Dhananjay ( as the first Nepali women mathematician / writer of mathematics book) had written “Shishubodh Tarangini” in A.D

19. Contd..
Prof. Naya Raj Pant had written Sumatitantra. Perhaps it is a single epics that preserves the Surya Siddhant of Barahmihira.
Hem Raj Shakey as a historian that supported to preserve the old mathematical inscriptions
Dhanabajra Bajracharya, the senior specialists in inscriptions and manuscripts based on mathematics.

20. Naya Raj Pant (1913‑2002 AD) A great scholar of Mathematics;
“Sumati Tantrum” (1978), Ratna Deep (1990), Pt. Gopal Pandeya and his techniques for cube roots (1980) and a dozen of mathematical books.
Brahma Lal Shrestha had written Wichitra Ganit
(A.D. 1918).

21. Contd…
Tirtha Prasad Pradhan ( A.D.), Keshav Dev Bhattarai (1970B.S-2064B.S), Gobinda Dev Pant ( B.S.), and other so many modern mathematicians are continuously contributing in the field of mathematics.

22. Contd…
Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh, Pahalman Singh Swar, Narayan Bahadur Manandhar, Keshav Deva Bhattarai, Govinda Deva Pant, Khadgaman Malla and others are the scholars of Mathematics as writer and teachers.
In this way so many mathematicians were lasting their life in the development of Mathematics.

23. Mathematical Inscriptions in Library
Very ancient inscriptions are found in many libraries in Nepal such as Kaiser library, Madan Puraskar Pustakalaya, National Library, Central Library of Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu University, Archeology Department, Asha Archives, National Museum and personal libraries.

24. Evidences of Inscriptions
i. Changu Narayan Inscriptions:
These inscriptions are written in Lichchhavi period, in which various symbols are used for numerals. They are showing in below as a photographic forms.
The Exact date can not be determined, it is under the investigation.
The hexagonal and octagonal construction of bricks are to be seen in the compound of the Changu Narayan Temple.

25. Copper plates found in Changu Narayan Temple.

27. Numerals in a stone found in Changu Narayan Temple

28. ii. Sumati Siddhanta
It is found in Kaiser Library in Kathmandu, Nepal.
It is written in Newari and Sanskrit language. In it few dates are mention.
It is written in Birch leaf. Possibly It consists
70 pages and some pages may be lost.
Few evidences of its pages are given below as the photographic form.

29. Sumati Siddhanta

30. Sumati Siddhanta

31. Mathematics in BaudhaTantra
Naya Raj Panta had been explained the mathematics found in Baudhtantra which gives the clear vision of calculation of calendar and determination of time periods.
He has so many creations of mathematics through which we may swim in the history of Nepalese mathematics.

32. iii. Inscriptions of Bhaskaracarya’s Algebra
It is found in Kaiser Library at the compound of Ministry of Education and sports in Kathmandu, Nepal.
It is written in Nagari Lippie in a hard paper(Pako Kagat).
It consists 50 pages.
It is preserved with wrapping in a clothes.
Its photographic form is as below.

33. Inscriptions of Bhaskacaraya’s Algebra at Kaiser Library

34. Inscriptions of Bhaskacaraya’s Algebra at Kaiser Library

35. Conclusion
Nepalese mathematicians has being done so many contribution in Mathematics.
Too much ancient development of Mathematics are found in Nepal.
Basic Numerals were developed in Nepal.
The Necessity of conservation of ancient fundamental mathematical materials is to be seen.

36. References
Acharya, Eka Ratna, 1011, An Analytical Study of Nepalese History of Mathematics, Research Division, T.U.
Ancient Nepali Mathematics, Yeti, Dept. of Mathematics, Prithvinarayan Campus, Pokhara.
Bhaskaracarya, 2006,Lilavati of Bhaskaracarya ( translated by Krishnagi Shankara Ratwardhan, Samashekhara, Amrita Naimpally, Shyam lal Singh)

37. Contd…
Eves, Howard, 1984, An Introduction to History of Mathematics, 5th edition, Saunders College Publishing.
Shree Bharatikrishnatirtha Ji Maharaj (Translated by Agrawal, Dr. Basudevsharan, 2006 (6th edition), Vedic Mathematics, Narendraprakash Jain, Motilal Banarasidas publishers, Pvt. Ltd. Delhi.

38. Contd…
Pandeya, Gopal, 1883 (1 st ed.), Wyaktachandrika, Nirnaya Sagar, Bombay.
Jha, K; Adhikari,; P. R.; Pant, S.R., 2006, Journal of Science, Engineering and Technology vol.(ii), no.1, Kathmandu University Dhulikhel Nepal.

39. Contd… Pandeya, Gopal (1914), Wyaktachandrika, Nirnaya Sagar, Bombay.
Pant, N.R. (1980), Pd. Gopal Pandey and his method of getting Cube Root, Royal Nepal Academy, Kathmandu.

40. Contd…
Pant, S.R.; D.B. Adhikary, Relevance of undergraduate and graduate level mathematics curriculum in the universities of Nepal and problems in its Implementation, Proc. of the activities in Nepal celebrating World Mathematical, Year 2000, Kathmandu.

41. Contd…
Pant, Prof. Dr. S.R. 2004, Nepalma Ganit: Ek Aitihasic Bishlashan, Scientific world, Government of Nepal, Ministry of Environment Science and Technology, Kathmandu, Nepal.
Pant, Prof.S.R. & E. R. Acharya,(2010, Jan7-9), National Meet on History of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delhi.

42. Contd…
Shrestha, R.M. (2008), Mathematics Education for the Twenty First Century New Nepal, Nepal Academy of Science and Technology, Kathmandu.
Subedi, Neelam. (2010, Jan7-9), National Meet on History of Mathematical Sciences, University of Delhi.

44. Thank You For
Co-operation