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Exploring the World of Multimedia
Chapter 1 Exploring the World of Multimedia
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What is multimedia? Multimedia is the integration of text, still and moving images, and sound by means of computer technology.
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Words in Multimedia Words can be: Written Spoken Sung
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Images in Multimedia Images can be: Drawings Charts Diagrams Paintings
Photographs Buttons Animation or video
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Sound in Multimedia Sound, also called audio, can be:
Voice-over or narration Sound effects Music
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Video in Multimedia Video can be: Live Recorded
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Multimedia Productions
What are the types of multimedia productions? Presentations Tutorials Games Simulations Web pages
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What are presentations?
Presentations are sequences of slides, also called pages or screens, that usually incorporate text, sound, graphics, and animation.
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Presentations Used by: Businesses to present information
Teachers or students in classrooms
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What are tutorials? Tutorials are computer-based instructions that teach skills or procedures.
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Tutorials Can be used by: Businesses to train their employees
Schools and colleges to teach or review subject matter
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What are simulations? Simulations are computer-based models of real-life situations.
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Simulations Can be used for: Training Entertaining Informing
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Games Can be used for: Entertaining Training
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Web Pages Can be used for: Entertainment Information Training
Reference Research
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The Development of Multimedia
Graphics drawing painting photography digital photography Audio speech music recording sound and music broadcasting Movies and Television film video digital video
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Computer Technology Computers have become smaller, cheaper, and more powerful. Desktop computers Laptop computers Personal digital assistants (PDAs)
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The Value of Multimedia in Society
Multimedia has become a valuable resource for education, business, and leisure and recreation.
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Uses of Multimedia Education Business Leisure and Recreation
To learn in new and stimulating ways Business To share resources, deliver information, train employees, and advertise goods and services Leisure and Recreation To play video games, surf the Internet, and plan leisure time
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The Internet and Multimedia
Chapter 2 The Internet and Multimedia
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How the Internet Developed
The Internet developed from a research project started by the U.S. Defense Department in 1958. Three inventions that spread the use of the Internet were: The personal computer (early 1980s) The World Wide Web (1989) The browser (1991)
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Connecting to the Internet
In order to connect to the Internet you must have: A modem: allows your computer to send and receive signals though telephone lines An Internet service provider (ISP): required for all home connections Browser software: might need plug-in programs to retrieve some types of media applications
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Navigating the Web In order to work with multimedia on the Internet, you must understand: The browser screen and its standard elements URL addresses and the information they contain
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Standard Browser Elements
Additional links Navigation buttons Menu bar Web address or URL Sidebar Main display area Hyperlinks
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URL Elements
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Searching the Web Use search engines to find the right Web page:
Create search queries that include keywords. Use Boolean search strategies to narrow your search. Use the right search engine to conduct faster, more efficient searches.
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Communicating on the Internet
There are several ways to communicate on the Internet: Sent to a specific address. Can have attachments. File transfer protocol (FTP): Often used to transfer large files from one computer to another. Chat rooms: “Virtual” rooms where you can exchange typed messages with others who are in the room. Instant messaging: Allows you to communicate in real time with one person.
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Multimedia and Society
Chapter 3 Multimedia and Society
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Multimedia in Business
Businesses use multimedia to sell products and services to consumers all over the globe.
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What is e-commerce? E-commerce is business transactions conducted over the Internet. These transactions are: Business-to-Business transactions (B2B) Business-to-Consumer (B2C) Customer service Advertising
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Multimedia in the Workplace
Corporations use multimedia and the Internet for: Employee training Working away from the office Teleconferences Company networks
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Multimedia in Our Lives
Multimedia has added a new dimension to publishing, news, and entertainment. It is used for: Online news Webzines Online books Music distribution Interactive games Social interaction
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Multimedia in Education
Multimedia and the Internet have provided new ways of teaching and learning, such as: Distance learning for virtual classrooms or online schools Computer-based training (CBT) that allows people to learn at their own pace
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Multimedia in Health Care
Multimedia computer technology has created exciting developments in health care. It is used for: Telemedicine: Physicians can diagnose and monitor patients at remote locations Medical training: Physicians, nurses, medical researchers, and technicians can get information or use simulations as part of their training Information: Medical information is available to the public through the Internet and CD-ROMs
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Hardware and Multimedia
Chapter 4 Hardware and Multimedia Hardware and Multimedia
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Personal Computers (PCs)
PCs are computers that can be: Used by individuals at home, work, or school Desktop models or portable laptop models Connected to a server in a network Title: Personal Computers (PCs) PCs are computers that can be: Used by individuals at home, work, or school Desktop models or portable laptop models Connected to a server in a network
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What are operating systems?
Operating systems enable computers to run software and perform basic tasks. Title: PC Operating Systems One of the principal differences among computers is the operating system. Operating systems enable computers to run software and perform basic tasks. Most personal computers use Windows or Macintosh (MacOS) operating systems. Windows and MacOS operating systems are not compatible.
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PC Operating Systems One of the principal differences among computers is the operating system. Most personal computers use Windows or Macintosh (Mac OS) operating systems. Windows and Mac OS operating systems are not compatible.
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What is input? Input is any information put into a computer.
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Input Devices Common input devices are: Keyboards and keypads
Mice, trackballs, and touchpads Microphones, digital recorders, synthesizers, and musical keyboards Digital still cameras, digital camcorders, and Webcams Graphics tablets and scanners Game controllers
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Output Devices Output is any information that a computer produces. Common output devices are: CRT or LCD monitors Touch screens, plasma displays, LED displays, and projectors Ink-jet or laser printers Speakers
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Storage Devices Hard drives, which are built in the computer
Digital storage devices allow you to save your work. Common storage devices are: Hard drives, which are built in the computer Removable storage disks CDs DVDs floppy disks Zip disks memory cards
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Processing Components
Processing includes all the calculations and other operations a computer performs. It depends on: Microprocessors, or chips A central processing unit (CPU) Random-access memory (RAM)
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Computer Networks In order to exchange files and share resources, computers: Require special input and output devices Must be part of a network, such as: The Internet Local area networks (LANs) Wide area networks (WANs)
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Connecting to Networks
Computers can be linked to the Internet or a network through: A dial-up or broadband connection using a modem A network interface card (NIC) A router
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Chapter 5 Operating Systems
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The Operating System When working with multimedia, the operating system is perhaps the most important, the most complex, and the least visible software that your computer uses.
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The Four Layers of a Computer
Your computer is a system of four interdependent layers: Hardware BIOS Operating System Application Software
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What do the four layers do?
Hardware activates the BIOS BIOS (basic input/output system) starts the operating system Operating System loads drivers, networking services, and application software into the computer’s RAM Application Software allows you to create your multimedia project
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What are programming languages?
Programming languages provide instructions to operating systems.
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Types of Programming Languages
Machine language: the only language a computer’s CPU can read Assembly language: a programming language that the CPU can quickly encode to machine language Low-level programming language: Programming languages that computers can interpret quickly but are not like human language
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More Programming Languages
High-level programming languages: Are programming languages that resemble human language Need compilers to convert high-level languages to machine language Examples: C++, Java, Visual Basic
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Graphical User Interface (GUI)
Microsoft Windows Created in 1985 The most used PC operating system Runs a huge number of applications Apple Mac OS Derived from the first PCs to use GUI Preferred by many designers and multimedia producers Applications are often not compatible with Windows
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PDA Operating Systems The most popular PDA operating systems are:
Palm OS Windows CE iOS for iDevices
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Network Operating Systems
Network operating systems are designed to allow many users to share files and resources.
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Types of Network OS Network operating systems include:
UNIX: designed to work with many kinds of computers Linux: a version of UNIX distributed for free Mac OS X: for networks by Apple Windows NT: Microsoft’s network OS Apache: Web server software distributed for free
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Software and Multimedia
Chapter 6 Software and Multimedia
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Programs Used in Multimedia
Developing a multimedia production requires an array of software to create, edit, and combine text, sounds, and images.
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Elements of Multimedia
Different software is used to create the various elements of multimedia. These elements are: Text Graphics and animation Sound or audio Video
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Programs for Managing Text
Text can be created with many programs. Multimedia developers use word processing software to include text in their projects and to create documents about their projects. Full-featured word processors have text formatting capabilities which set the appearance of the text.
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Desktop Publishing Programs
Desktop publishing programs are sometimes called page layout programs. They are better at handling the placement of graphics and processing very large documents.
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Programs for Graphics Graphics software is used for creating, editing, manipulating, and storing graphics. Graphics software is also known as image management software. It works with still and animated drawings, as well as photographs.
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Programs for Sound or Video
Most operating systems have the capability of playing sound or video files. Audio or sound software is used to create or edit music or sound files. Video software is used to edit video files.
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Creating a Multimedia Production
Different kinds of software are used to combine the elements to create a multimedia production. ***NEED NEW IMAGE FILE*** DP Embedded sound file Imported graphic file
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Web Design Software Web pages are written in a markup language such as HTML or XML. Web design programs allow you to create Web pages without learning markup languages. Many current word processing and desktop publishing programs let you convert their files to HTML for use in Web pages. Web browsers are needed to view and use the Web pages on the Internet.
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Multimedia Presentations
Presentations are sequences of slides that usually incorporate text, sound, graphics, and animation.
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Multimedia Authoring Software
Authoring programs link graphics, text, and other objects. They are used to create: Interactive tutorials Simulations Games
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Planning and Managing Projects
There is also software for planning and managing multimedia projects. Spreadsheet software is used to develop cost estimates, budgets, and reports. Database software is used to control and retrieve information used in projects. Project management software is used to coordinate the work of people and tasks to ensure that projects are completed on time.
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Multimedia Software Suites
A software suite is a group of programs from the same company sold in a single package.
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Utility Software for Multimedia
Multimedia developers often need software for specific tasks. These tasks might include: Screen captures File compression File conversion Virus protection Optical character recognition (OCR)
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Chapter 7 Text
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Text in Multimedia Text is used in multimedia projects in many ways:
Web pages Video Computer-based training Presentations
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More Uses for Text in Multimedia
Text is also used in multimedia projects in these ways. Games rely on text for rules, “chat,” character descriptions, dialog, background story, and many more elements. Educational games rely on text for content, directions, feedback, and information. Kiosks use text to display information, directions, and descriptions.
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Formatting Text Formatting text controls the way the text looks. You can choose: Fonts Text sizes and colors Text alignment Text spacing: line spacing or spacing between individual characters Advanced formatting: outlining, shadow, superscript, subscript, watermarks, embossing, engraving, or animation Text wraps
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Font Technologies Understanding font technologies can be important when creating multimedia projects. The most popular font technologies are: Scalable fonts: Postscript, TrueType, and OpenType Bitmap fonts which are not scalable but provide more control over the appearance of text.
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Guidelines for Using Fonts
Avoid using many varying font styles in the same project. When possible, use fonts that come with both Windows and Mac OS. Use bitmap fonts on critical areas such as buttons, titles, or headlines.
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More Tips for Using Fonts
Use fancy or whimsical fonts sparingly for special effects or emphasis. Keep paragraphs and line lengths short. Use bold, italic, and underlining options sparingly for emphasis.
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More Guidelines for Using Fonts
Avoid using text in all uppercase letters. Use font, style options, size, and color consistently. Provide adequate contrast between text and background when choosing colors. Always check spelling and grammar.
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Formatting for Screen Display
Apply these guidelines to multimedia applications for display rather than to printed documents. Test your presentation on monitors in several sizes. Avoid patterned backgrounds. Use small amounts of text on each screen display. Text for a presentation that will be viewed by a large group of people must be visible from the back of the room. For interactive displays, use consistent placement of hypertext links.
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Graphics and Animation
Chapter 8 Graphics and Animation
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Graphics in Multimedia
Graphics are an element that virtually all multimedia applications include.
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What is a graphic? A graphic can be a: Chart Drawing Painting
Photograph Logo Navigation button Diagram
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What do graphics look like?
Graphics can be: Black and White Grayscale Color Still Animated
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What do graphics do? Graphics can:
Illustrate or demonstrate procedures Clarify data Convey ideas Tell stories Add visual appeal
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Computer Graphics Technology
Images created or edited on computers are either: Bitmapped graphics Vector graphics
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What are bitmapped graphics?
Bitmapped graphics, also known as raster graphics, consist of grids of tiny dots called pixels. Each pixel is assigned a color. Can be a continuous-tone image, such as a photograph Bitmap graphic editors are called paint programs Enlarging a bitmap graphic may cause the image to lose crispness and clarity
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What are vector graphics?
Vector graphics use mathematical formulas to define lines, curves, and other attributes. Generally much smaller than raster graphic files Vector graphic editors are called draw programs Do not lose clarity as you enlarge them. Appear as bitmaps on computer monitors because computer monitors consist of pixels
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Graphics Quality Two factors that determine graphics quality are resolution and color depth. Resolution is the number of pixels per inch. Color depth refers to the number of distinct colors an image can contain. It can range from 2-bit (black and white) to 24-bit (16.7 million colors).
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Graphic File Formats A computer can save and interpret graphic images in a variety of formats. Some of the most common are: GIF (Graphics Interchange Format) JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group) TIFF (Tagged Information File Format) PIC (PICTure) BMP (bitmap) TGA (Targa) PNG (Portable Network Graphics)
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Editing Graphics Graphics editors have features for changing the sizes of images as well as their colors and other attributes. These include: Dithering Cropping Anti-aliasing Resizing
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What is animation? Animation is when images achieve the illusion of motion.
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Animation in Multimedia
Some common uses of animation include: An animated navigation button that changes when the cursor passes over it (rollover) Tutorials using animated graphics for demonstration Web site advertisements that are animated to attract attention Computer games using animation to simulate action
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Chapter 9 Audio
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Audio in Multimedia In a multimedia production, sound and music are crucial in helping to establish moods and create environments.
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Audio on PCs Many types of sounds are accessible with a PC. They include: Music Sound effects Spoken narration Video soundtracks Real-time telephone conversations Operating system alerts and prompts
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Digital Audio Recording
Digital recording devices capture sound by sampling the sound waves.
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Digital Audio Quality The quality and size of digital audio depends on: The sampling rate The sample size The number of channels The time span of the recording
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What is streaming audio?
Streaming audio plays as it reaches your PC, making it unnecessary to wait until the entire file is downloaded to the computer.
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Audio File Formats An audio file’s format determines what files a PC can open and play, and how much space the file occupies on a disk. File formats include: MP3 WAV MIDI
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MP3 Format MP3 is a standard format for music files sent over the Internet. MP3s: Use one of three MPEG standards for audio compression Can compress an audio file to about one-twelfth of the space it occupies on a CD with no significant loss of sound quality
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WAV Format WAV is a standard for sound files on Windows and Macintosh PCs. WAVs: Do not compress audio as much as MP3s Are generally used for sound effects and other small files
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MIDI Format MIDI is a method and format for recording music from synthesizers and other electronic instruments. MIDIs: Are created with a computer that has a sequencer Do not contain actual musical notes Do not contain sound waves or use sampling Are small and load quickly on a Web site
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Audio Software for the PC
Most new PCs come with some software and hardware for recording and managing audio files. Audio editing software allows you to edit audio files and convert them from one format to another. MIDI software includes programs for recording, storing, replaying, and editing MIDI files. Composition software allows you to create sheet music for many voices or instruments.
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Audio Hardware Devices
Audio hardware devices for the PC may include: Audio or sound cards Speakers Microphones for voice input MIDI input devices CD/DVD burners
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Chapter 10 Video
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Video in Multimedia Visual motion helps to convey realism and movement
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Uses of Video in Multimedia
Video enhances common applications of multimedia. Video simulations show procedures and interactions that would be dangerous to perform in actuality Games use video to simulate flight, car racing, and other action Web sites and CD-ROMs use videos as reference material Videoconferences enable participants to see each other and witness demonstrations
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Video Quality Video quality depends on:
The resolution and clarity of individual video frames. The frame rate or speed at which video frames appear. Frame rate is measured in frames per second (FPS).
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What is streaming video?
Streaming video refers to a technique for transferring data so that the browser starts displaying the data before the entire file has been transmitted.
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Video File Format A video file’s format determines:
Which programs can open and play it. How much space it occupies on a disk. How fast it travels over an Internet connection.
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Common File Formats The most commonly used video file formats are:
MOV (movie), also known as QuickTime WMV (Windows media video) AVI (audio video interleave) MPEG compresses audio and video
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Video Software There are programs for playing video and audio, as well as editing and distributing video. A number of video players are available on the Internet for free or at nominal cost. Video editing software allows you to edit video.
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Video Hardware Video hardware includes:
Camcorders, digital or analog, for recording live action Webcams, to include live, streaming video in a Web site Capture cards for converting analog video to digital format Video tuners to enable a PC to receive and save television signals
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Multimedia Project Team Roles
Chapter 11 Multimedia Project Team Roles
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Team Efforts Creating large multimedia applications requires the concerted efforts of many people over time.
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Project Phases Many large-scale multimedia projects follow the system development life cycle (SDLC).
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The Project Team The makeup of a project team depends on the nature of the project and its budget and schedule. On small teams, members often fill more than one role.
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Project Team Roles Project teams may include: Client Representative
Project Manager Producer User Interface Designer Programmer Systems Architect Graphic Artist Writer and Editor Audio and Video Specialists Quality Assurance Analyst Webmaster
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Client Representative
The organization or person who pays for the application and publishes it
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Project Manager Responsible for ensuring that the team meets its deadlines and stays within its budget
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Producer Responsible for planning and coordinating the development of all the different media in an application
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User Interface Designer (UID)
Responsible for planning all the aspects of an application that affect a user’s ability to understand and navigate it
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Programmer Uses programming languages to develop the underlying code that enables an application to run on computers
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Systems Architect Responsible for the overall technical design of an application, including: The hardware and operating system it will run on How its components will work together The programming languages and other tools that will be used to develop the application
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Graphic Artist Creates original graphics for the application, working closely with the UID, photographers, and any others who contribute to the application’s visual content
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Writer and Editor Writers specialize in content or documentation.
Editors review the work of all writers.
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Videographer and Audio Specialist
May record sounds, integrate existing files into the application, edit recordings for clarity, and convert files to different formats
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Quality Assurance Analyst
A specialist whose job involves testing the application and reporting problems to be corrected
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Webmaster Responsible for keeping a Web site up-to-date and running smoothly, and for helping visitors who have questions about the site
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Anatomy of a Multimedia Project
Chapter 12 Anatomy of a Multimedia Project
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Defining a Project Several steps are required to define a multimedia project. They are: Meeting with the client to determine the project’s budget and deadline Determining the project’s overall purpose and specific objectives Defining the audience who will use or view the application Determining how the application will be delivered Determining the technical and content requirements
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Project Design Phase After the team has analyzed the application’s objectives, audience, and requirements, the project enters the design phase.
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What is a project plan? A project plan generally specifies the project’s scope, its personnel and other resource requirements, its schedule, and its budget.
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Defining Project Scope
The team sets priorities and collaborates about: The application’s content The application’s size The hardware and software it will involve
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Defining the Project Schedule
With input from the team, the project manager draws up a schedule for developing the application.
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Designing the User Interface
The user interface designer creates a navigation map. Navigation schemes can be: Linear Hierarchical Nonlinear Composite
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Developing an Application
Once the project plan is approved, the team begins creating the application. This includes: Written content Audio and visual content Documentation Production Testing
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Creating Application Content
This includes: Creating the text for the application Locating, creating, and editing the audio and visual components of the application Creating instructions for using the application
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Producing the Application
Following the user interface design, text, sounds, and images are incorporated into pages or screen displays
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Testing the Application
The application is tested to ensure that the sections work together correctly. Alpha testing involves testing sections as the producer finishes. When all sections are complete, the entire application is tested. A large application may also be beta tested.
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Multimedia Web Site Design
Chapter 13 Multimedia Web Site Design
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Building an Effective Web Site
Creating a Web site is easy, but creating one that is useful and attractive takes knowledge, practice, and skill.
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Web Site Organization The organization of the Web site is important. The site’s home page: May be the only page on a site Often introduces the Web site’s theme and provides links to the site’s other pages
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Web Site Files Each web page is a file stored on a Web server, and has a unique URL which: Distinguishes it from the millions of other Web pages on the Internet Enables browsers to find it
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Web Programming The files for a Web site are created with programming languages: Most Web programming uses HTML or other markup languages Web design software lets you create a page, and the software then generates the HTML code
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Web Site Goals The most important consideration in the design of any Web site is the objective of the site. These goals reflect the goals of the site’s publisher.
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Business Site Objectives
A business site might have these goals: Publicizing products or services and providing a way to purchase them Publicizing job openings and providing a way of applying for them Providing financial information for investors Giving contact information for offices or stores Providing other information about the business
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Noncommercial Site Objectives
Organizations and individuals develop Web sites for a variety of purposes: Schools and colleges provide distance learning and other information. Professional and trade organizations publish announcements and other information. Public interest groups offer information or organize volunteer efforts.
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Design Considerations
Once you have determined the objective of the site, you must consider its design: It must be designed to appeal to its target audience. Text and graphic hyperlinks must be well-designed. Layout, color, text formatting, graphics, videos, and special effects provide the visual design. It must be designed to view well in all browsers.
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Web Page Design Guidelines
Meet the objectives you have set for the site. Use short amounts of text. Group sets of text on one page. Be careful with text color and background color. Be sure content is accurate and spelling is correct.
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Web Page Design Guidelines (continued)
Graphics and special effects should add interest, not distract. Navigation should be friendly, consistent, and useful. Name sources for information on the site if necessary for copyright. Colors, text formatting, navigation, and layout should be consistent throughout the site.
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