1. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Prologue American Beginnings Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 1 European nations race to claim territory in North America and then struggle to hold on to it. The emergence of an independent United States helps usher in an end to European dominance of North America. However, as the nation grows, the United States will encounter its own struggles and conflicts.

2. American History: Reconstruction to the Present ESSENTIAL QUESTION Module 1 Prologue American Beginnings Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 2 LESSON 1 LESSON 2 The American Revolution LESSON 3 A New Nation How has early American history shaped our lives today? LESSON 4 Economic and Social Changes The Colonial Era LESSON 3 LESSON 5 LESSON 6 LESSON 7 Reconstruction The Civil War Westward Expansion

3. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 3 The Colonial Era Lesson 1 Beginning in the late 1400s, European monarchs sponsor exploration to find new trade routes and establish colonies in the Americas.

4. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 4 The Colonial Era Lesson 1 Spanish Colonies European interest in overseas expansion begins with Marco Polo’s journey to China in 1200s Merchants travel to Asia by land, a costly and dangerous journey Europeans seek alternative routes; study travelers’ reports, reexamine ancient maps Sailing Technology Improves Explorers use advanced technology of the period European ship captains try new sailing vessels, navigating tools Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal and others explore west coast of Africa as route New route around Africa reduces traders’ costs, profits increase Christopher Columbus believes a shorter route west across Atlantic exists Continued…

5. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 5 Spanish Colonies (continued) Columbus Crosses the Atlantic Columbus reaches land in October 1492; claims for Spain Columbus explores islands in Bahamas, coastlines of present-day Cuba, Hispaniola Columbus believes that he has found Indies, calls people los indios The Spanish Claim a New Empire Spanish monarchs fund three more voyages for Columbus to colonize new lands Spanish explorers known as conquistadors, seek gold, silver; claim more colonies for Spain —Hernándo Cortés, Francisco Pizarro Spain sends explorers to what is now southern United States —outposts set up to protect holdings, spread culture, religion to Native Americans Juan Ponce de León settles in present-day Florida; establishes St. Augustine Spanish conquer by intermarriage, create mestizo population—mixed Spanish, Native American Spanish force encomienda—slave labor, also oppression Continued…

6. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 6 Spanish Colonies (continued) Spain Explores the Southwest and West 1540—Francisco Vasquez de Coronado fails to find riches in the area; returns to Spain Spanish return to modern-day Southwest 50 years later; search for Christian converts Spanish priests arrive in the Americas to spread Roman Catholicism Pedro de Peralta, governor of New Mexico, builds Santa Fe as capital, El Camino Real trail Catholic missions established in area, also present-day Texas, California

7. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 7 English Colonies English colonies funded by joint-stock companies—investors pool wealth to support a colony Virginia Company sends colonists to settle in North America The English Settle at Jamestown 1607—Virginia Company, led by John Smith and others, reach North American shore Colonists establish settlement of Jamestown Colonists seek gold, suffer from disease and famine John Smith forces colonists to farm; gets help from Powhatan Settlement is saved by new colonists, development of tobacco crop Continued…

8. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 8 English Colonies (continued) Puritans Create a “New England” Puritans want to rid Church of England of Catholic rituals In 1620 a Separatist group, the Pilgrims, found colony at Plymouth Puritans found colony in Massachusetts Bay, centered in Boston Roger Williams flees to Rhode Island for religious freedom Settlement of the Middle Colonies Dutch set up fur-trading colony with Iroquois, trading posts on Hudson River —New Amsterdam becomes capital 1664—British duke of York takes colony, renames it New York —later gives portion to friends, names territory New Jersey William Penn, a Quaker, founds Pennsylvania or “Penn’s Woods” Quakers, the Society of Friends, are pacifist Protestants who —worship without formal ministers —believe in equality, cooperation, religious toleration

9. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 9 Colonial Economies From the 1600s to 1700s, thirteen British colonies established Colonies export raw materials, Britain manufactures goods England and Its Colonies Prosper European nations compete for wealth and power under new economic system—mercantilism —obtain large amounts of gold and silver; establish favorable balance of trade, become self-sufficient Establishing colonies is key to economic independence British pass Navigation Acts in 1651 to control colonial trade Continued…

10. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 10 Colonial Economies (continued) A Plantation Economy Arises in the South On the whole, southern region develops as rural society of self-sufficient plantations Plantations specialize in raising a single cash crop; produce what they need on property Southern population mostly small farmers Prosperous plantation owners control much of South’s economy and politics Southerners turn to slavery for agricultural labor needs; Africans become part of triangular trade— transatlantic system in which goods and people were exchanged between Africa, West Indies, colonies Commerce Grows in the North Northern colonies develop trade-based economy, some industries Port cities of Boston, New York, Philadelphia show growth Northern colonies attract a variety of immigrants; Germans, Dutch, Jews, and others Northern farms produce varied cash crops, use less slave labor Slavery and anti-black prejudice exist in the North

11. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 11 New Social Movements The Enlightenment and the Great Awakening influence people’s thinking throughout the 13 colonies. The Enlightenment Renaissance scientists look for rational explanation of world Discover that the earth revolves around the sun Enlightenment—intellectual movement that values reason and science Benjamin Franklin, colonial politician, embraces Enlightenment ideas Some people disturbed by suggestion of using science over religion to arrive at truths Enlightenment has profound effect on political thought in colonies, including Thomas Jefferson Principles would lead many colonists to question authority of British monarchy Continued…

12. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 12 New Social Movements (continued) The Great Awakening Puritans lose influence in Massachusetts, lose dedication to religion Great Awakening—revivals to restore Puritan dedication and intensity George Whitefield, Jonathan Edwards preach dramatic sermons Great Awakening revives religion, leads many to change congregations The Great Awakening and the Enlightenment lead people to question authority of church and state Movements create atmosphere that leads to American Revolution

13. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 13 The French and Indian War Continued… French traders and explorers establish New France; colonies in Canada, Mississippi River Valley As French Empire in North America expands, collides with British Empire French have good relations with Native Americans; fur trade, develop military alliances War Erupts France and Britain fight three inconclusive wars in 1600s and 1700s French and Indian War—conflict reignites in colonies in 1754 French build Fort Duquesne in land claimed by Virginia (Ohio Valley) George Washington assists British general Edward Braddock in attempt to capture Fort Duquesne French crush Virginia militia under George Washington in 1754 1755–1756, French and allies continue to defeat British militia

14. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 14 The French and Indian War (continued) Britain Defeats an Old Enemy Angered by French victories, Britain’s King George II selects new leaders William Pitt, British politician, leads Britain to victory British troops capture Quebec in a surprise attack in 1759 1763—Treaty of Paris ends war, France gives up almost all its land Changes for Native Americans Ottawa leader, Pontiac, fears loss of land; captures British forts British use smallpox as a weapon; Native Americans greatly weakened Proclamation of 1763—colonists can’t settle west of Appalachians

15. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 15 The American Revolution Lesson 2 Conflicts between Great Britain and the American colonies escalate until the colonists declare their independence and win victory in the American Revolutionary War.

16. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 16 The American Revolution Lesson 2 The Road to Revolution The Proclamation on 1763 and later British actions convince the colonists that the British government does not care about their needs Continued… The Colonies Organize to Resist Britain 1764—British Parliament wants to reduce debt from French and Indian War, enacts Sugar Act —act changes taxes on imports Violators tried by vice-admiralty court, not colonial court 1765—Stamp Act taxes printed items like wills and newspapers Colonial assemblies protest lack of representation in Parliament Merchants in New York, Boston, Philadelphia boycott British goods 1766—Parliament repeals Stamp Act, passes Declaratory Act same day —full right “to bind the colonies of American in all cases whatsoever” Townshend Acts tax imports from Britain, like paint, paper, tea Samuel Adams, a founder of the Sons of Liberty, leads new boycott

17. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 17 The Road to Revolution (continued) Tensions Mount in Massachusetts Hostilities between colonists and British mount; Boston grows tense Boston Massacre—British guards fire on a colonial mob, kill five Lord North, prime minister, repeals the Townshend Acts—except the tax on tea Tensions rise again; group of Rhode Island colonists destroy British customs schooner King George III wants to find suspects for trial in England Massachusetts and Virginia create committees of correspondence to track British threats 1773—Lord North devises Tea Act; lets British East India Company avoid tax, undercuts colonists Disguised Boston rebels dump tea into Boston harbor—Boston Tea Party King George pressures Parliament; enact Intolerable Acts—harbor closes, city under martial law 1774—First Continental Congress forms, meets to declare colonial rights Continued…

18. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 18 The Road to Revolution (continued) The Stirrings of Rebellion Civilian soldiers known as minutemen pledge to fight the British on a minute’s notice Minutemen begin to stockpile firearms and gunpowder 700 British troops march to Concord to disarm colonial militia At Lexington, British soldiers fight 70 minutemen, 8 colonists killed British find Concord’s arsenal empty; return to Boston, are ambushed May 1775—Colonial leaders call Second Continental Congress in Philadelphia Congress forms Continental Army; George Washington in command 2,400 British battle militia on Breed’s Hill, suffer 1,000 casualties King George III rejects Continental Congress’s Olive Branch Petition

19. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 19 Declaring Independence Many colonists uncertain about the idea of independence; public opinion shifts 1760s to 1770s—Enlightenment ideas spread throughout colonies John Locke, English philosopher, influences colonists: — people have natural rights to life, liberty, property — people consent to obey a government that protects these rights — people can resist or overthrow government British have religious, legal tradition of civil and property rights Thomas Paine writes Common Sense—pamphlet attacking King George and monarchy Argues for independence, influences many colonists Continued… The Ideas Behind the Revolution

20. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 20 Declaring Independence (continued) The Patriots Declare Independence Congress appoints committee to prepare declaration to Britain Thomas Jefferson, Virginia lawyer, writes final draft Declaration of Independence is colonies’ formal statement of freedom Lists British violations and colonists’ rights as citizens

21. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 21 The Declaration of Independence One of the most important, influential legal documents of modern times, written by Thomas Jefferson Continuing relevance, inspires leaders in the struggle for democratic ideals, civil and human rights In Congress, July 4, 1776 Declaration by the Representatives of the United States of America, in General Congress assembled When necessary for one people to dissolve political bands with another, respect opinions, declare causes which impel them to separation All people are equal in having the rights to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness Main purpose of government is to protect rights of the people who consent to be governed by it These rights cannot be taken away; if government tries, people have the right to change or do away with it The people can form a new government that respect these rights Patient sufferance of colonies; repeated injuries and usurpations, Tyranny over the States Continued…

22. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 22 The Declaration of Independence (continued) Continued… In Congress, July 4, 1776 (continued) Charges against King George: —mistreatment of colonists, in order to gain total control over colonies —rejects many laws passed by colonial legislatures —makes colonial legislatures meet at inconvenient times and locations —king and his governors often dissolve colonial legislatures for disobeying orders —stops people from moving to the colonies and into western lands —prevents colonists from choosing their own judges; king selects and keeps only when satisfied —hires people to help collect taxes in the colonies —appointment of General Thomas Gage as governor of Massachusetts —expects colonists to provide housing and supplies for British soldiers in the colonies —demands that colonists pay many taxes when colonists did not agree to do so —British naval courts try colonists without juries —accused colonists sent to Britain for treason trials —allows General Gage to take military action to enforce British laws in the colonies —hires and sends Hessian mercenaries to fight colonists —king’s governor in Virginia promises freedom to enslaved people that join British forces —creates plan to use Indians to fight colonists

23. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 23 The Declaration of Independence (continued) In Congress, July 4, 1776 (continued) Declaration explains the efforts of the colonists to avoid separation from Britain Colonists state that the king ignores their protests The writers of the Declaration conclude that the king is not fit to rule free people The writers declare that the colonies are now free, independent states All ties with Britain are broken States claim right to make war and peace, to trade, do all things free countries can do To support declaration, signers promise one another their lives, fortunes, honor Members of Continental Congress state that copies of the Declaration are to be sent to: —all Committees of Correspondence, commanders of troops The Declaration should be read in every state

24. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 24 The Revolutionary War Colonists suffer initial losses as they take on the British, then battle their way back The War Begins Americans on different sides as war begins Loyalists—colonists who support King George III and Britain Patriots—colonists in favor of independence from Britain Many Americans also remain neutral British take New York in 1776; Washington retreats to Pennsylvania Washington takes Trenton; British take Philadelphia in 1777 British general John Burgoyne surrenders to American troops at Saratoga Patriot’s victory convinces French to aid Continental Army 1778—Washington and his army lose over 2,000 soldiers at Valley Forge winter camp Continued…

25. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 25 The Revolutionary War (continued) Continued… Life During the Revolution Congress needs to pay troops; prints paper money, causing inflation Robert Morris and Haym Salomon raise money to pay Continental Army Women manage homes, businesses; some fight in war Many slaves escape during the war; about 5,000 join Continental Army Winning the War Winter 1778—American troops begin transformation Friedrich von Steuben, Prussian captain and drillmaster helps train the Continental Army Marquis de Lafayette—encourages France to send reinforcements, 1779 British shift operations to the South; Charles Cornwallis, British general, wins many victories He camps at Yorktown, plans to take Virginia Cornwallis is surrounded at Yorktown, surrenders in October 1781 1783—Treaty of Paris establishes colonial independence and borders

26. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 2 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 26 The Revolutionary War (continued) The War Becomes a Symbol of Liberty War stimulates egalitarianism—belief in equality of all people In 1780s, egalitarianism applies to white men only Women have few legal or political rights African Americans still face slavery or discrimination Native Americans continue to be pushed off their land by settlers June 1782—Continental Congress approves official seal of the United States

27. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 27 A New Nation Lesson 3 With a new Constitution as a blueprint for government, the United States grows in both size and prestige.

28. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 28 A New Nation Lesson 3 Forming a New Government Fears and concerns about the form of government affects planning of new government Continued… Experimenting with Confederation 1781—Congress adopts Articles of Confederation to unite 13 states Each state has one vote in Congress; most power National government handles large matters; declaring war, handling of new territory Confederation passes two ordinances to govern lands west of the Appalachians Problems of Confederation overshadow success; weak central government, little unity among states May 1787—Congress calls convention to discuss changes to government; 12 states send delegates

29. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 29 Forming a New Government (continued) Creating a New Government Most delegates give up idea of fixing Articles of Confederation; decide to form new government Roger Sherman suggests Great Compromise—two-house Congress, states have equal representation Delegates agree to Three-Fifths Compromise—three-fifths of a state’s slaves count as part of population Delegates establish federalism; divide power between states and national government Three branches of government created to balance power —legislative branch to make laws —executive branch to carry out laws —judicial branch to interpret laws and settle disputes Delegates provide a means of changing the Constitution through amendment process Continued…

30. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 30 Forming a New Government (continued) Ratifying the Constitution Ratification—approval of Constitution by states; nine votes needed Federalists—favor the Constitution’s balance of power Antifederalists—against Constitution, want Bill of Rights The Federalists promise Bill of Rights, Constitution ratified June 1788 Bill of Rights—first ten amendments, guarantee citizens’ rights Protection of rights and freedoms excludes Native Americans, slaves, women Continued…

31. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 31 Forming a New Government (continued) Continuing Relevance of the Constitution Constitution is oldest written national constitution still in use Constitution’s elastic clause allows expansion of government power Amendment process is difficult to prevent arbitrary changes Only 27 amendments passed in the last 200 years

32. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 32 Shaping the New Nation Constitution provides strong foundation; not a detailed blueprint for governing President Washington and Congress work to create plan for day-to-day governing of country Washington Heads the New Government Washington and Congress face daunting task: create a new government Judiciary Act of 1789—federal courts are superior to state courts Congress creates three executive departments to help president govern Thomas Jefferson heads Department of State, foreign affairs Henry Knox heads Department of War, military matters Alexander Hamilton heads Department of Treasury, finances Cabinet—these department heads become president’s chief advisors Hamilton proposes establishment of national bank; issue paper money, handle taxes Opponents of national bank argue no provision in Constitution, Congress has no right to authorize Debate begins over loose and strict interpretation of Constitution Differences give rise to two-party system; Hamilton—Federalists; Jefferson—Democrat-Republicans Jefferson and mostly southerners favor weak central government, farming economy Hamilton and mostly Northerners favor strong central government, commercial economy Continued…

33. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 33 Shaping the New Nation (continued) The Whiskey Rebellion Protective tariff—import tax to encourage American production An excise tax levied on whiskey angers whiskey producers Pennsylvania producers attack tax collectors; federal militia responds Continued… Challenges at Home and Abroad 1793—France at war with Britain and other European countries Federalists support Britain, Democratic-Republicans support France Washington keeps country neutral and warns against alliances 1795—Thomas Pinckney negotiates treaty with Spain; helps U.S. expansion west of Appalachians Americans face trouble along western border—British forts, Native American resistance John Jay negotiates treaty with Great Britain, allows fur trade to continue

34. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 34 Shaping the New Nation (continued) Adams Provokes Criticism Federalist John Adams becomes president Democratic-Republican Jefferson becomes vice-president Election of 1796, growing danger of sectionalism—placing the interests of a region over the nation as a whole France seizes U.S. ships to retaliate for U.S. treaty with Britain XYZ Affair—low-level French officials demand bribe from Americans U.S. and France seize each other’s ships; Adams rejects war Federalists curb critics of government, pass Alien and Sedition Acts: — restrict citizenship, free speech; aimed at Democratic-Republicans — raise residency requirements, allow jailing or deportation — allow jailing or fining people expressing anti-government views Jefferson, Madison organize state opposition in Kentucky, Virginia Nullification—when a state invalidates laws it deems unconstitutional

35. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 35 The Jeffersonian Era Election of 1800—Thomas Jefferson, Democratic-Republican, beats President John Adams Jefferson, Aaron Burr tie; House of Representatives breaks tie Jefferson receives majority of two votes on 35 th ballot, Burr becomes vice-president Jefferson’s Presidency Jeffersonian republicanism—decentralized power; cut spending, taxes Marbury v. Madison: Jefferson says judges appointed by Adams invalid Chief Justice John Marshall declares part of Judiciary Act unconstitutional Judicial review—Supreme Court decides if laws are constitutional Continued…

36. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 36 The Jeffersonian Era (continued) The Louisiana Purchase Jefferson buys Louisiana Territory from France in Louisiana Purchase Louisiana Purchase more than doubles size of U.S. Meriwether Lewis, William Clark lead expedition to Territory in 1804 Madison and the War of 1812 U.S. angered by British impressment—seizing, drafting U.S. sailors Spring 1812—Madison decides on war against Britain; Congress approves Treaty of Ghent signed in 1814, end of war; confirms United States as free, independent nation War leads to growth of American industries, end of Federalist Party

37. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 37 Nationalism and Sectionalism 1816—James Monroe succeeds James Madison as president Foreign affairs dominate first term of presidency Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, establishes foreign policy based on nationalism Nationalism Shapes Foreign Policy Adams’s list of national interests include national security, expansion of territory 1819—Adams-Onís Treaty transfers Florida to U.S., sets western border Florida becomes official U.S. territory in 1823; capital established at Tallahassee Florida remains a territory until 1845; population growth allows for statehood application Continued…

38. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 38 Nationalism and Sectionalism (continued) The Monroe Doctrine Monroe’s greatest achievement in foreign policy Portugal, Spain want old colonies; Russia pushes south from Alaska Monroe knows he must take action to protect American interests 1823—Monroe Doctrine warns Europe not to interfere in America Balancing Nationalism and Sectionalism Sections of the country develop different economies —industries in the North —agriculture and slavery in the South —small farms in the West 1815—Madison presents plan to Congress; support from Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun —establish protective tariff —recharter national bank —development of transportation systems, internal improvements Northeasterners welcome tariffs, South and West less eager Congress approves Tariff of 1816; charters Second Bank of U.S., creates unified currency Sectional conflicts still remain, Missouri requests Union admission in 1818 Missouri Compromise—admits Maine as free state, Missouri slave, Louisian territory split: slavery legal in south, not in north

39. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 39 The Age of Jackson 1828—Andrew Jackson captures presidency Jackson embraces the spirit of America’s expansion in the early 19 th century The Election of Andrew Jackson States ease voting requirements; new voters gave Jackson victory Jackson’s ideal is political power for all classes; common people participate in government Jackson gives away many jobs to friends and political allies Continued…

40. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 40 The Age of Jackson (continued) Continued… Jackson and Native Americans 1830—Jackson supports Congress to pass Indian Removal Act Federal government forces Native Americans west, out of traditional homelands Cherokee Nation refuses to sign treaty; pledges to fight government Supreme Court rules in favor of Cherokee, Jackson still forces them off their lands One-fourth of Cherokee die from cold, hunger, and disease on the Trail of Tears 1835—U.S. Army attempts to force Seminoles out of Florida Seminoles refuse to give up land; react with armed force About 3,000 Seminole forced to Indian Territory, more continue resistance Seminoles never officially defeated; descendants still live in Florida today

41. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 41 The Age of Jackson (continued) Continued… Nullification and the Bank War Calhoun blames tariff increases for economic problems in South South forced to buy expensive Northern goods Calhoun proposes theory of nullification; states can declare tariff invalid South Carolina view tariff unconstitutional; threatens secession Congress passes Force Bill; lowers tariff, allows military to collect duties Jackson tries to decrease federal power in Second Bank of the U.S. Jackson withdraws all federal funds, places in pet state banks Many accuse Jackson of acting like a king; opponents form new Whig Party

42. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 3 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 42 The Age of Jackson (continued) Successors Deal with Jackson’s Legacy Martin Van Buren succeeds Jackson; inherits consequences of bank war Many pet banks print money in excess of gold and silver deposits Panic of 1837—Banks close, credit system collapses, 1/3 of population jobless Whig Party blames Democrat Van Buren for weak economy Van Buren loses in 1840 to Whig war hero William Henry Harrison Harrison dies; vice-president John Tyler takes over; opposes many Whig ideas Democrats, Whigs dominate national politics until 1850s; political appeals become emotional

43. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 43 Economic and Social Changes Lesson 4 Inventions and economic developments in the early 19 th century help transform American society.

44. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 44 Economic and Social Changes Lesson 4 Regional Economies Economies for various U.S. regions develop differently in early 19 th century Northeast begins to industrialize, South and West continue to be more agricultural Early Industry in the United States The Industrial Revolution gradually reaches the United States New England depends on shipping, foreign trade; region embraces new forms of manufacturing —mechanized textile mills Market economy develops—agriculture and manufacturing support growth of one another The South Remains Agricultural 1793—Eli Whitney invents cotton gin; southern farmers produce cotton more profitably Cotton Kingdom in South contributes to expansion of slavery; 1.5 million enslaved by 1820 1804—slavery abolished or gradual emancipation laws in states north of Delaware

45. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 45 The Market Revolution Market revolution—people buy and sell goods rather than make them In 1840s economy grows more than in previous 40 years Free enterprise—private businesses free to operate for profit Entrepreneurs invest own money in new industries Inventions and Improvements Samuel F. B. Morse’s telegraph helps business, railroads communicate Improved transportation systems cut freight costs, speed travel The Market Revolution Transforms the Nation Many manufactured goods become affordable in early 1800s Transportation, communication links make regions interdependent Northeast becomes industrial, commercial; farmers go to Midwest Continued…

46. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 46 The Market Revolution (continued) Changing Workplaces Families split, towns created, employer-worker relationships change Machines allow unskilled workers to do jobs of skilled artisans In 1820s, Lowell textile mills employ young farm women Women get lower pay than men, but factories pay more than other jobs Conditions worsen: work over 12 hours; dark, hot, cramped factories Workers Seek Better Condition 1830s, 1840s U.S. workers go on strike—work stoppage over job issues Employers defeat strikes, replace workers with immigrants European immigration—leaving one country to settle in another—rises dramatically Millions arrive between 1830 and 1860; 1 million Irish fled to the U.S. to escape famine Irish immigrants face prejudice because of Roman Catholic beliefs and poverty level 1830s, trade unions in different towns join to expand their power National trade union movement faces fierce opposition from bankers, owners Commonwealth v. Hunt: Massachusetts Supreme Court supports right to strike

47. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 47 Reforming American Society Mid-19 th century—Americans embark on a widespread effort to solve problems in society A Spiritual Awakening Inspires Reform Reform movements have roots in Second Great Awakening (1790s-1830s) People feel sense of responsibility to seek salvation, improve self, society Revival meetings last for days: impassioned preaching, Bible study Church membership rises dramatically Unitarians have faith in individual, but stress reason, not emotion Philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson develops transcendentalism Transcendentalism—truth in nature, emotional, spiritual experience South—slaves interpret hymns, Bible stories differently from whites North—churches are political, cultural, educational, social centers Continued…

48. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 48 Reforming American Society (continued) Slavery and Abolition Abolition—movement to end slavery 1820s, over 100 antislavery societies call for resettlement in Africa William Lloyd Garrison, white abolitionist Publishes The Liberator, demands immediate emancipation Frederick Douglass, former slave, speaks out on slavery Begins his own antislavery newspaper, The North Star Continued… Life Under Slavery 1700s, most slaves African; by 1830, most slaves American Few slaves are freed; lives filled with hard work, suffering Nat Turner leads slave rebellion in 1831; about 60 whites killed Turner, many followers captured and killed Rebellion angers whites; restrictions on African Americans tightened Proslavery advocates claim slavery is benevolent institution

49. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 49 Reforming American Society (continued) Continued… Women and Reform Prevailing customs restrict women to home, family Work on abolition, temperance, treatment of mentally ill, prisoners Education for Women 1838—Sarah Grimké writes about beliefs in increased education for women 1821, Emma Willard opens first girls academy, Troy Female Seminary Oberlin College includes four women in its first class in 1833 1837, Mount Holyoke Female Seminary provides higher learning for women Fewer educational opportunities for black women than for white 1849—Elizabeth Blackwell graduates from medical college; opens NY Infirmary for Women and Children 1850s survey: most women unhealthy because of poor hygiene, corsets Amelia Bloomer helps pioneer changes in women’s fashion; women begin wearing pants

50. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 50 Reforming American Society (continued) Continued… Women’s Rights Movement Emerges Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott call women’s rights convention 1848—Seneca Falls Convention approves declaration of women’s rights Sojourner Truth speaks for African-American women Abolitionists intensify attacks, proslavery advocates strengthen defenses Issue of slavery threatens to destroy union

51. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 13 Lesson 4 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 51 Poverty Leads to Activism (continued) Native Americans Continue their Struggle During Depression, U.S. policy of Native American autonomy National Congress of American Indians: civil rights, maintain customs U.S. stops family allotments, wages; outsiders take tribal lands The Termination Policy Termination policy cuts economic support, gives land to individuals Bureau of Indian Affairs helps resettlement in cities Termination policy is a failure; abandoned in 1963

52. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 52 Westward Expansion Lesson 5 The United States expands its boundaries during the mid-1800s, but disagreements over slavery lead to the breakup of the Union.

53. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 53 Westward Expansion Lesson 5 Manifest Destiny American settlers push first into the Northwest Territory and then head further west Settling the Frontier Settlers seek land and opportunity; merchants, manufacturers follow Manifest destiny—belief that God wants U.S. to extend to Pacific Settlers use old Native American trails and new routes 1821–1860s, Santa Fe Trail one of busiest routes to the West Two Methodist missionaries blaze Oregon Trail, prove wagons can go into Northwest Mormons flee persecution; Brigham Young leads trek to Utah 1847—Mormons settle in desert near Great Salt Lake Setting Boundaries Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) settles border in Maine, Minnesota 1846, Britain and U.S. extend boundary westward along 49th parallel

54. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 54 New Territories in the West During Depression, U.S. policy of Native American autonomy National Congress of American Indians: civil rights, maintain customs U.S. stops family allotments, wages; outsiders take tribal lands Texan Independence Americans rush at chance to buy inexpensive land in Texas Population of Anglos soon surpasses Tejanos Stephen F. Austin forms colony between Brazos and Colorado rivers By 1830, over 20,000 U.S. settlers in Texas Cultural differences arise: — Anglos speak English, not Spanish — Southerners bring slaves; Mexico abolished slavery Rebellions break out; Texas Revolution begins in 1835 Continued…

55. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 55 New Territories in the West (continued) Texan Independence (continued) In 1836, Santa Anna attacks the Alamo; all Anglos, many Mexicans die Meanwhile, Texans declare independence, ratify constitution Sam Houston, rebel commander, leads attack; captures Santa Anna Treaty of Velasco grants independence; Houston elected president Texas, South want annexation; North fears slavery, war with Mexico James K. Polk elected president in 1844; favors slavery, annexation Texas enters Union in 1845; Mexico breaks off relations with U.S. Continued…

56. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 56 New Territories in the West (continued) The War with Mexico U.S.-Texas negotiations anger Mexico; recalls ambassador from Washington Polk believes war will bring New Mexico, California to U.S. Mexico refuses to negotiate Texas border, sale of New Mexico and California John C. Frémont leads military party to California, provokes war Stephen Kearny marches to Santa Fe; New Mexico joins Union in 1846 American settlers proclaim Republic of California in 1846 Kearny joins Frémont; Mexican troops retreat from California U.S. victories lead to Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 1848 —Texas border set at Rio Grande —Mexico cedes western lands for $15 million Franklin Pierce authorizes Gadsden Purchase, sets present border Continued…

57. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 57 New Territories in the West (continued) The California Gold Rush 1848, gold discovered at Sutter’s Mill in California Forty-niners, or gold prospectors, come from East, Mexico, overseas Gold finances growth of farming, manufacturing, shipping, banking San Francisco becomes supply center, major port

58. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 58 The Conflict Over Slavery Northern and southern United States greatly differ in culture, economics South’s dependence on slavery eventually brings them into conflict Differences between North and South Southern plantation economy relies on enslaved labor Industrialized North does not depend on slavery South tries to spread slavery in West North’s opposition to slavery intensifies, tries to stop its spread Continued…

59. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 59 The Conflict Over Slavery (continued) Slavery in the Territories California applies for statehood as free state in 1850; angers South Slave state Texas claims eastern half of New Mexico Territory Compromise of 1850 has provisions for both sides Vote, or popular sovereignty, decides slavery issue in New Mexico, Utah Senate rejects compromise; Senator Stephen Douglas reintroduces resolutions one at a time President Taylor’s successor, Millard Fillmore, is supportive; Compromise of 1850 becomes law

60. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 60 Protest, Resistance, and Violence Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 infuriates many opponents of slavery Slaves denied trial by jury; helpers fined and imprisoned Northerners defy Act, help send slaves to safety in Canada Continued… The Underground Railroad Abolitionists develop Underground Railroad—escape routes from South Harriet Tubman is conductor on 19 trips to free African Americans Uncle Tom’s Cabin Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe increases protests

61. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 61 Protest, Resistance, and Violence (continued) Tension in Kansas and Nebraska Kansas, Nebraska territories north of Missouri Compromise line, closed to slavery 1854 Kansas-Nebraska Act allows popular sovereignty on slavery Proslavery settlers from Missouri cross border to vote in Kansas Fraudulent victory leads to violent struggle over slavery in Kansas New Political Parties Emerge Northern, Southern Whigs split over slavery in territories; look for new political parties Nativist Know-Nothings also split by region over slavery Liberty Party aims to abolish slavery with new laws Free-Soilers fear slavery will drive down wages of white workers Republican Party forms in 1854; oppose slavery in territories

62. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 62 Conflict Leads to Secession Political conflicts intensify after the election of President James Buchanan Continued… The Dred Scott Decision Dred Scott, a slave taken to free territory by owner, claims freedom Supreme Court denies appeal; Scott has no legal rights, not a citizen North angry; South reads ruling as guaranteed extension of slavery Lincoln-Douglas Debates 1858 Senate race between Senator Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln Douglas wants popular sovereignty to decide if state is free or slave Lincoln considers slavery immoral; wants constitutional amendment Douglas wins Senate seat; Lincoln’s attacks on slavery draw national attention

63. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 5 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 63 Conflict Leads to Secession (continued) Harper’s Ferry John Brown leads group to arsenal to start slave uprising in 1859 Troops put down rebellion; Brown is tried, executed Public reaction to Brown’s execution is immediate and intense in both sections of U.S. Lincoln Is Elected President 1860, Lincoln beats 3 candidates, wins no southern electoral votes Lincoln pledges to halt the further spread of slavery, tries to reassure South he won’t abolish Southern Secession 7 states secede after Lincoln’s victory; form Confederacy in 1861 Former senator Jefferson Davis elected president of Confederacy

64. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 64 The Civil War Lesson 6 The Civil War brings about dramatic social and economic changes in American society.

65. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 65 The Civil War Lesson 6 The War Begins Confederate soldiers begin seizing federal forts as soon as Confederacy forms 1861, Fort Sumter in Charleston falls; Lincoln calls for volunteers 4 more slave states join Confederacy Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri remain in Union Continued…

66. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 66 The War Begins (continued) Union and Confederate Forces Clash Northern strengths: more people, factories, food production Southern strengths: cotton, good generals, motivated soldiers Union plan: blockade ports, split South in two, capture Richmond Bull Run—first battle, near Washington; Confederate victory Thomas J. Jackson called Stonewall Jackson for firm stand in battle Ulysses S. Grant pushes south; captures forts, wins at Shiloh David G. Farragut takes New Orleans, the Confederacy’s busiest port Robert E. Lee takes command of Confederate Army in 1862: — drives General George McClellan from Richmond — loses at Antietam, bloodiest one-day battle McClellan removed from command, lets battered Confederates withdraw Continued…

67. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 67 The War Begins (continued) Continued… The Politics of War Britain does not need cotton, does need Northern goods Emancipation Proclamation empowers army to free Confederate slaves Gives soldiers moral purpose; compromise no longer possible Lincoln, Davis suspend habeas corpus to suppress disloyalty, dissent

68. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 68 Life During Wartime Continued… Casualties, desertions lead to conscription on both sides Conscription—draft that forces men to enlist; leads to draft riots Changes in wartime economies for both sides, and roles of African Americans and women Soldiers Suffer Soldiers often sick from camp filth, limited diet, poor medical care Prisons overcrowded, unsanitary; many die of malnutrition, disease African Americans are 1% of North’s population, 10% of army Serve in separate regiments, paid less than whites for most of war Thousands of women serve as nurses for both sides Union nurse Clara Barton later founds American Red Cross

69. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 69 Life During Wartime (continued) The War Affects Regional Economies Confederacy faces food shortage, increased prices, inflation Union army’s need for supplies supports Northern industry North’s standard of living declines Congress enacts income tax (percentage of income) to pay for war

70. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 70 The North Takes Charge Continued… Southern victories—December 1862, Fredericksburg; May 1863, Chancellorsville North’s only consolation after Chancellorsville is death of Stonewall Jackson The Tide Turns Despite Jackson’s death, Lee decides to invade the North Decisive three-day battle of Gettysburg, July 1863; North wins Total casualties were more than 30%; South demoralized November 1863—Lincoln gives Gettysburg Address at cemetery dedication Speech helps country realize it is a unified nation May-July 1863—Grant sieges Vicksburg after unsuccessful attacks Confederates surrender at Vicksburg and Mississippi River holdout; Southern army cut in two

71. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 71 The North Takes Charge (continued) The Confederacy Wears Down Confederacy no longer able to attack; works toward armistice Southern newspapers, legislators, public call for peace Lincoln appoints Grant commander of all Union Armies (1864) Grant appoints William Tecumseh Sherman as Western commander Grant, Sherman wage total war to destroy South’s will to fight Grant’s strategy to decimate Lee’s army while Sherman raids Georgia Spring 1864, Sherman creates a path of destruction through Georgia Lincoln’s unexpected reelection helped by Sherman’s victories April 1865, Grant, Lee sign surrender at Appomattox Court House Within a month, all remaining Confederate resistance collapses

72. American History: Reconstruction to the Present Module 1 Lesson 6 Copyright © by Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company 72 Legacy of the Civil War Civil War causes tremendous political, economic, technological, and social change in U.S. Approximately 360,000 Union and 260,000 Confederate soldiers die The War Changes the Nation Civil War increases power, authority of federal government Southern economy shattered: industry, farmlands destroyed Developments in military technology make fighting more deadly Ironclad ships change naval warfare The War Changes Lives Thirteenth Amendment bans slavery in all states April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theater Assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes, trapped by Union cavalry, shot 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s funeral train

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