1. Requirements of the JIP Making Behavioural Measurements (academic perspective) Jonathan Gordon ???

2. Academic Oxford English Dictionary Oxford English Dictionary 2 scholarly rather than technical or practical. 3 of only theoretical interest. Encarta Encarta irrelevant in practice: theoretical and not of any practical relevance

3. Some Relevant Previous Meetings International Workshop on Sound and the Marine Environment. Halifax August 30 th - September 1 st 2005 International Workshop on Sound and the Marine Environment. Halifax August 30 th - September 1 st 2005 The effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals: A draft research strategy. Oxford 5- 9 th October 2005 The effects of anthropogenic sound on marine mammals: A draft research strategy. Oxford 5- 9 th October 2005

4. Hazard Identification Exposure assessment Exposure-response assessment Risk Characterisation EPA Risk Assessment framework Risk Management The classic approach to environmental (and human) risk mitigation uses a framework initially developed by the US Environmental Protection Agency

5. Oxford Meeting Tubney House – Home of the Wildlife Conservation Research Unit, University of Oxford

7. Hazard ID

8. Exposure Characterisation

9. Dose Response

11. National Academy of Science PCAD Model SOUND Frequency Level Duration Duty Cycle Propagation +++ BEHAVIOUR CHANGE Movement Vocalisation Diving Foraging ++ 1 + VITAL RATES Stage Survival Maturation Reproduction + 3 0 POPULATION EFFECTS Growth Rate Popln Structure Transient dynamics Sensitivity Elasticity Extinction prob + 4 +++ LIFE FUNCTION IMMEIDATELY AFFECTED Feeding Survival Breeding Nurturning Response to Predators + 2 + Potential to Infer How Easy To Measure Infer Cause and Effect Measure Directly

12. Risk Management

13. Assessment of Audition in Large Cetaceans Establishing sensitivity and thresholds may require field measurements of behavioural or autonomic responses – perhaps using telemetry Establishing sensitivity and thresholds may require field measurements of behavioural or autonomic responses – perhaps using telemetry

14. BRS Experimental vs Opportunistic Better information on cause and effect Better information on cause and effect More representative subjects More representative subjects Sources can be costly Sources can be costly Compatible with telemetry if animals can be tracked Compatible with telemetry if animals can be tracked Need real time information on location and behaviour Need real time information on location and behaviour Political/legal issues Political/legal issues More realistic No source costs May take longer to collect data Difficult to use telemetry – short term observations in areas where exposure can be predicted

15. Need for Near Real Time Data Reception and processing of data in the field in near real time is often useful – and is essential for experimental approaches Reception and processing of data in the field in near real time is often useful – and is essential for experimental approaches To allow positioning of playback vessel and adjustment of source level to achieve required received level To allow positioning of playback vessel and adjustment of source level to achieve required received level To allow experiment to be terminated once response has been observed To allow experiment to be terminated once response has been observed To stop immediately if potentially dangerous responses observed To stop immediately if potentially dangerous responses observed

16. Other CEE Considerations Need to monitor other non-target animals Need to monitor other non-target animals Logically should “target” the animals believed to be most sensitive Logically should “target” the animals believed to be most sensitive Need for double blind experimental procedures Need for double blind experimental procedures Extreme expense of provision of some full scale sound sources (e.g. seismic vessel) Extreme expense of provision of some full scale sound sources (e.g. seismic vessel) For alternative sound sources, alerting signals etc this is the only option For alternative sound sources, alerting signals etc this is the only option

17. Tag Requirements (Halifax) Smaller cheaper Smaller cheaper Tags required that provide in depth data over the medium term Tags required that provide in depth data over the medium term Training sufficient personnel to do the work Training sufficient personnel to do the work

18. Need for Replicates (Halifax) Behavioural responses are inherently variable Behavioural responses are inherently variable Individual (age, sex, class, motivation) Individual (age, sex, class, motivation) Behavioural state Behavioural state Location Location Exposure history (habituation and sensitisation) Exposure history (habituation and sensitisation) Many replicates (repeat measures from same individual and a range of individuals) are required to describe this statistical variability Many replicates (repeat measures from same individual and a range of individuals) are required to describe this statistical variability Financial cost becomes an increasingly important consideration Financial cost becomes an increasingly important consideration

19. Replicates cont. Ability to get many samples may be more important than sophistication and precision Ability to get many samples may be more important than sophistication and precision Smaller cheaper (Halifax) Smaller cheaper (Halifax) Mass Production (Halifax) Mass Production (Halifax) Overall cost per data point is the imperative consideration (field effort, capture, deployment, analysis) Overall cost per data point is the imperative consideration (field effort, capture, deployment, analysis) Plan from the outset for the necessary number of replicates Plan from the outset for the necessary number of replicates Broad and collaborative efforts are likely to be essential. Many different groups will need to be able to use hardware and analysis tools independently. Broad and collaborative efforts are likely to be essential. Many different groups will need to be able to use hardware and analysis tools independently. Ensuring sufficient experienced personnel (Halifax) Ensuring sufficient experienced personnel (Halifax)

20. Critical needs may be Mundane e.g. Reliable, cost effective medium term attachment for cetaceans ?better suction cups? Reliable, cost effective medium term attachment for cetaceans ?better suction cups? Low costs field methods Low costs field methods Might be looking to develop a fleet of VW Beetles rather than a single formula one Ferrari Might be looking to develop a fleet of VW Beetles rather than a single formula one Ferrari Even if the latter might be more academically rewarding

21. Real Time Tracking