1. Consciousness Chapter 6

2. What Is Consciousness? Awake or aware Awake or aware The awareness of self and environment The awareness of self and environment

3. Types of Conscious Experience External sensory perception External sensory perception Sights, sounds, tastes, smells, and touch Sights, sounds, tastes, smells, and touch Internal sensory perception Internal sensory perception Remembering or imagining something Remembering or imagining something

4. Types of Conscious Experience Abstract awareness Abstract awareness Symbols Symbols Thoughts Thoughts Emotions Emotions

5. Types of Conscious Experience Awareness of self Awareness of self As an individual apart from other individuals As an individual apart from other individuals Most unclear part of consciousness, cannot be defined Most unclear part of consciousness, cannot be defined Psychologists focus on this type Psychologists focus on this type

6. Early Ideas About Consciousness Rene Descartes Rene Descartes 17 th Century 17 th Century French philosopher French philosopher “I think, therefore I am” “I think, therefore I am” Mind vs. body duality Mind vs. body duality The idea that the mind is separate from the body The idea that the mind is separate from the body

7. Early Ideas About Consciousness During the 18 th and 19 th Centuries During the 18 th and 19 th Centuries Psychology was defined at the study of consciousness Psychology was defined at the study of consciousness Early 20 th Century Early 20 th Century William James William James Consciousness could not be measured Consciousness could not be measured

8. Early Ideas About Consciousness John Watson John Watson Behaviorist Behaviorist “Discard all references to consciousness” “Discard all references to consciousness” Focus on observable behaviors Focus on observable behaviors

9. Levels of Consciousness Waking consciousness Waking consciousness What we are aware of What we are aware of Daydreaming Daydreaming Intense concentration Intense concentration What we choose to attend to What we choose to attend to

10. Levels of Consciousness Subconscious Subconscious Thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that are not presently in our awareness Thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that are not presently in our awareness Preconscious Preconscious Knowledge and memories are present in our minds but are not accessed Knowledge and memories are present in our minds but are not accessed

11. Levels of Consciousness Nonconscious Nonconscious Behaviors and thoughts that we process automatically Behaviors and thoughts that we process automatically Speaking, breathing, blinking Speaking, breathing, blinking

12. Levels of Consciousness Unconscious Unconscious Freud - Contains desires, conflicts or memories that our conscious mind cannot deal with Freud - Contains desires, conflicts or memories that our conscious mind cannot deal with

13. Consciousness and Chronobiology Chronobiology Chronobiology Study of the effects of time on the life processes Study of the effects of time on the life processes Biological clock Biological clock Programs activities in the body Programs activities in the body Change in temperature and blood pressure Change in temperature and blood pressure

14. Circadian Rhythms The body’s natural functions occur as cycles The body’s natural functions occur as cycles Going to sleep Going to sleep Waking up Waking up Body temperature Body temperature Blood pressure Blood pressure Hormone levels Hormone levels

15. Changes in Circadian Rhythms Entrainment – the alteration of a natural cycle to fit a different rhythm Entrainment – the alteration of a natural cycle to fit a different rhythm Shift Work – working during the night Shift Work – working during the night Jet Lag – flying across different time zones Jet Lag – flying across different time zones

16. Altered State of Consciousness Daydreaming Daydreaming Drug-induced Drug-induced Hallucination Hallucination Meditative Meditative Biofeedback Biofeedback Lucid Dreaming Lucid Dreaming

17. Sleep Essential to our survival Essential to our survival

18. Why do we sleep? What happens to people who are deprived of sleep? What happens to people who are deprived of sleep? Changes in: Changes in: Body chemistry Body chemistry Perception Perception Ability to think clearly Ability to think clearly Concentration Concentration Distractibility Distractibility Irritability Irritability

19. 3 Theories of Sleep 1. Physical/Mental Recuperation 1. Physical/Mental Recuperation Highest rate of producing new cells Highest rate of producing new cells Chemicals in the body and brain are replenished Chemicals in the body and brain are replenished

20. 3 Theories of Sleep 2. Consolidation of Thoughts and Experiences 2. Consolidation of Thoughts and Experiences Level of mental activity is high Level of mental activity is high Some nerve cells fire 5 -10 times more quickly than when you’re awake Some nerve cells fire 5 -10 times more quickly than when you’re awake

21. 3 Theories of Sleep 3. Adaptation 3. Adaptation Adaptive behavior Adaptive behavior Kept our ancient ancestors quiet and unmoving during the dark hours Kept our ancient ancestors quiet and unmoving during the dark hours

22. Stages of Sleep Researchers found 5 stages of sleep by measuring: Researchers found 5 stages of sleep by measuring: Brain waves Brain waves Eye movement Eye movement Muscle tension Muscle tension 4 NREM 4 NREM 1 REM 1 REM The avg. time it takes to move through the 5 stages is 90 minutes The avg. time it takes to move through the 5 stages is 90 minutes

23. Stages of Sleep NREM NREM 1. Heart rate slows, muscle tension dec. 1. Heart rate slows, muscle tension dec. Light sleep, transition phase. Increased imagery, easy to awaken. Light sleep, transition phase. Increased imagery, easy to awaken. Sudden muscle contractions, sensation of falling. Sudden muscle contractions, sensation of falling. 2. Body relaxes further. 1&2 last about 30 min. Person may talk in their sleep during this stage Person may talk in their sleep during this stage

24. Stages of Sleep 3. Transition into deep sleep. 3. Transition into deep sleep. 3&4 last 30 min. and occur the first 2 to 3 sleep cycles of the night 3&4 last 30 min. and occur the first 2 to 3 sleep cycles of the night Complete sleep Complete sleep Difficult to awaken Difficult to awaken 4. Considerable movement 4. Considerable movement Little perception of external sounds Little perception of external sounds Deep sleep – no eye or muscle activity Deep sleep – no eye or muscle activity

25. Stages of Sleep REM REM 5. About 90 min. into the sleep cycle 5. About 90 min. into the sleep cycle appear paralyzed except for movement of the eyes appear paralyzed except for movement of the eyes Most dreams occur - when awakened 85-90% report they were dreaming and can recall it Most dreams occur - when awakened 85-90% report they were dreaming and can recall it Periods of REM are longest during the last sleep cycles of the night. Periods of REM are longest during the last sleep cycles of the night.

26. Stages of Sleep Infants spend almost 50% of their time in REM sleep Infants spend almost 50% of their time in REM sleep Adults spend about 50% of their sleep in Stage 2, 20% in REM, 30% divided between the other three stages Adults spend about 50% of their sleep in Stage 2, 20% in REM, 30% divided between the other three stages

27. Sleep Disorders Sleep Apnea Sleep Apnea Stop breathing suddenly and/or regularly Stop breathing suddenly and/or regularly Associated with snoring Associated with snoring Devices are used to signal to a person when they stop breathing Devices are used to signal to a person when they stop breathing

28. Sleep Disorders Sleepwalking Sleepwalking Occurs during deep sleep Occurs during deep sleep Occurs during NREM Occurs during NREM Person awakens with no memory of the act Person awakens with no memory of the act

29. Sleep Disorders Insomnia Insomnia Difficulty falling or staying asleep Difficulty falling or staying asleep Causes: diet, exercise patterns, sleeping environment, worry or concern Causes: diet, exercise patterns, sleeping environment, worry or concern Hypersomnia Hypersomnia Chronic, excessive sleeping Chronic, excessive sleeping Irresistible drowsiness Irresistible drowsiness Napping during the day Napping during the day Difficulty waking up Difficulty waking up

30. Sleep Disorders SIDS SIDS Sudden death of a child under 1 years of age Sudden death of a child under 1 years of age Occurs when the child is sleeping Occurs when the child is sleeping Cause of death is unexplained Cause of death is unexplained

31. Sleep Disorders REM Behavior Disorder REM Behavior Disorder Act out a dream Act out a dream Narcolepsy Narcolepsy Fall asleep suddenly, unpredictably and uncontrollably Fall asleep suddenly, unpredictably and uncontrollably Biological basis Biological basis Sudden loss of muscle control Sudden loss of muscle control

32. Sleep Disorders Night Terrors Night Terrors Sleeper is terrified Sleeper is terrified Eyes are open but not awake Eyes are open but not awake When awakened the person is still frightened but doesn’t know why When awakened the person is still frightened but doesn’t know why Occurs during NREM sleep (stage 4) Occurs during NREM sleep (stage 4) Nightmares Nightmares Occur during REM sleep Occur during REM sleep When the person awakes they will recall the dream When the person awakes they will recall the dream

33. Assignment 1. Research a recurring dream you may have 1. Research a recurring dream you may have 2. If you do not dream, research two different symbols that people may dream about 2. If you do not dream, research two different symbols that people may dream about

34. Dreaming REM dreams tend to be the longest and are very visual REM dreams tend to be the longest and are very visual Dreams may seem to take as long as the actual events Dreams may seem to take as long as the actual events Most dreams are about ordinary experiences and emotions Most dreams are about ordinary experiences and emotions

35. Why do we dream? Scientists are unsure Scientists are unsure Freud suggested that dreams were the creations of the unconscious mind Freud suggested that dreams were the creations of the unconscious mind Our dreams are symbols for what a person is unable to deal with consciously Our dreams are symbols for what a person is unable to deal with consciously Other theorist suggest that dreams occur when certain neurons fire randomly Other theorist suggest that dreams occur when certain neurons fire randomly Dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of the firing neurons Dreams are the brain’s attempt to make sense of the firing neurons

36. Why do we dream? Dreaming and REM sleep have been shown to improve memory Dreaming and REM sleep have been shown to improve memory Dreaming allows the brain to consolidate information that is already there Dreaming allows the brain to consolidate information that is already there Essential for good health Essential for good health People deprived of REM sleep report feeling tired and have difficulty concentrating People deprived of REM sleep report feeling tired and have difficulty concentrating

37. What do dreams mean? There are no reliable methods for interpreting dreams There are no reliable methods for interpreting dreams Dreams may be: Dreams may be: Random Random Involved in consolidating information Involved in consolidating information Solving problems at the subconscious level Solving problems at the subconscious level Arise from the unconscious Arise from the unconscious Responses to neural activity Responses to neural activity

38. Hypnosis Process that allows a person to enter a trancelike state Process that allows a person to enter a trancelike state Person becomes very suggestible Person becomes very suggestible Encouraged to focus on a single stimulus Encouraged to focus on a single stimulus Relax Relax

39. 5 Qualities of the Hypnotic State 1. Heightened Suggestibility 1. Heightened Suggestibility Person has a tendency to see, hear, or perceive what the hypnotist suggests Person has a tendency to see, hear, or perceive what the hypnotist suggests Person may do what he/she is told, but usually will not do anything against their basic beliefs or moral code Person may do what he/she is told, but usually will not do anything against their basic beliefs or moral code

40. 5 Qualities of the Hypnotic State 2. Dissociation 2. Dissociation Separated from the sensations connected to external reality Separated from the sensations connected to external reality 3. Vivid Imagery 3. Vivid Imagery May be led to believe that real objects don’t exist or imagined ones do May be led to believe that real objects don’t exist or imagined ones do

41. 5 Qualities of the Hypnotic State 4. Enhanced memory 4. Enhanced memory A person may mentally return to past events and describe them A person may mentally return to past events and describe them These events may not be recalled in a waking state These events may not be recalled in a waking state

42. 5 Qualities of the Hypnotic State 5. Posthypnotic Suggestion 5. Posthypnotic Suggestion Suggestions made to a person during a hypnotic trance may remain with them afterwards Suggestions made to a person during a hypnotic trance may remain with them afterwards Quit smoking Quit smoking Eating healthy Eating healthy Manage pain Manage pain

43. Hypnosis & Memory There is no concrete evidence that hypnosis strengthens memories There is no concrete evidence that hypnosis strengthens memories Studies have shown people who are not hypnotized are just as likely as people in a hypnotic trance to recall events. Studies have shown people who are not hypnotized are just as likely as people in a hypnotic trance to recall events.

44. Age Regression Under Hypnosis Acting a certain age under hypnosis Acting a certain age under hypnosis Memories are a mixture of fact and fantasy Memories are a mixture of fact and fantasy The tone of the hypnotist can influence answers The tone of the hypnotist can influence answers

45. Current Theories of Consciousness 2 Types of Consciousness 2 Types of Consciousness 1. Core – sense of self in the here and now 1. Core – sense of self in the here and now Biological phenomenon Biological phenomenon 2. Extended – an elaborate sense of self 2. Extended – an elaborate sense of self Identity and person Identity and person Aware of the past and future Aware of the past and future World outside of them self World outside of them self