1. “ All men are created equal”: Concepts and Controversies in Revolutionary America Early Modern Europe Colonial America Roots of Revolution Wartime Rhetoric and Reality Marginalizing Equality

2. Early Modern Europe Authority, hiearchy, order The Great Chain of Being Liberties: privileges granted by superiors Robert Filmer, Patriarcha (1640s America as disorderly wilderness Natives as representations of Equality

3. Colonial Anglo-America Goal: order, hierarchy Reality: widespread landholding most adult men can vote Race-based slavery gentry and “lesser sort” socialize 1700s, Anglicization

4. Roots of Revolution Great Awakening, 1740s-1760s Cato’s Letters (Trenchard & Gordon) Herman Husband and the Regulators Coke’s Anglo-Saxon history 1764, James Otis; 1766, Richard Bland English radicals: Levellers, Diggers 1776, Obediah Hulme, Historical Essay

5. Roots of Revolution Enlightenment political philosophy 1690, Locke, Two Treatises on Gov’t 1776, Thomas Paine, Common Sense 1776, Declaration of Independence 1776, Philadelphia militia calls for equality Colonial fears of levelling

6. Wartime Rhetoric and Reality Ambivalence of American military Wage and price controls supporters use moral language opponents see limits as violating liberties Anti-slavery efforts Republicanism,equality, and landholding

7. Controversies in the Early Republic Debt, merchants, and farmers Agrarian uprisings, Shays’s Rebellion Anti-federalists, republicans William Manning (1790s) Public celebrations Equality and the French Revolution

8. Controversies in the Early Republic Race, class, and political parties Equality marginalized Children’s literature, 1800-1840 no aristocracy, all equal before the law Equality renewed Workingmen’s Parties (1825-1838)