1. Justice Konda Madhava Reddy Memorial Lecture 2004 M.S. Swaminathan Chairman, National Commission on Farmers, GOI The Indian Institute of Public Administration, Mumbai 25 November 2004 "Building Sustainable Food and Water Security Systems"

2. A crusader for Food, Water and Livelihood Security and for Social Justice and Economic Prosperity Yashwantrao Chavan

3. Hunger Map - FAO

5. Indicators oAvailable Resource oAccess to Water oPeople’s capacity to afford and organise water supplies oUse of water for domestic, industrial and environmental purposes oEnvironmental Management (Hydrologic Security) (Developed by Drs Caroline Sullivan and Jeremy Meigh, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, UK) Water Poverty Index

6. Water withdrawals m 3 per person* Water Poverty Index ranking 1 Finland4691 Canada1,4312 U.K.20111 United States 1,68832 Japan72334 India497100 China431106 Source : The World’s Water 2002-2003; Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, World Water Council * 2000 estimate 1 2002 Water Poverty

7. Pathways oSupply augmentation oDemand management oQuality monitoring and improvement oHarnessing new technologies a.Solar desalination b.Breeding for abiotic stresses (Mendelian and Molecular approaches) c.Bioremediation d.Precision farming, fertigation and green house horticulture e.Information and Communication technologies for launching a Water Literacy Movement Building a Sustainable Water Security System

8. S.NoSourceActionThreat(s) 1.Rain waterCollect every dropClimate change 2.Surface water; River, Tanks, Reservoirs, Wells Conservation, sustainable use and equitable sharing Evapo-transpiration; pollution 3.Ground waterSustainable management of the aquifer Water mining; pollution Building a Sustainable Water Security System Contd…

9. S.NoSourceActionThreat(s) 4.Sewage and industrial effluents Treat and reuseToxic residues (Hospital wastes) 5.Sea waterRaise Mangrove, Salicornia and agro-aqua farms Sea level rise due to global warming 6.Inter-basin transfer Develop win-win methods of saving and sharing water and begin with peninsular rivers Political discord Environmental, social and economic problems Building a Sustainable Water Security System

10. oMulching and enhancing the water holding capacity of the soil oWater harvesting oEconomic and efficient use of water (drip, sprinkler, etc.) oCultivation of low water requiring but high nutritive and economic value crops, like pulses, millets, oil seeds, fodder, feed and medicinal plants Low Water Farm Park

11. Sea Water Farming for Coastal Area Prosperity Components of Action Plan oMixed cropping of Mangroves, Salicornia and Atriplex oSustainable capture fisheries oLow external input sustainable aquaculture (shrimp farming) oMarket driven off-farm enterprises to improve the population supporting capacity of the ecosystem. Sea Water : 97% of Global Water Pool Agriculture : Consumes over 80% of fresh water

12. 8.3 tC/ha from atmosphere 12.7 t/ha biomass (dry) (5.0 tC/ha) 11.0 t/ha biomass (dry) (3.3 tC/ha) Mangrove Carbon Fixation at One Year

13. Salicornia brachiata individual plant Hyper saline coastal area Salicornia cultivation Salicornia different growth stages used for Salt preparation, Vegetables, fodder, Oil, animal meal form Seed, herbal salt Salicornia brachiata

14. ocDNA libraries were constructed from the Mangrove species Avicennia marina oA number of genes with potential application to abiotic stress has been isolated and charactreised oFour isolated genes were used for developing transgenics in rice, Brassica and Vigna Transgenic plants with salinity tolerance genes Avicennia marina

15. Transgenic (T 1 ) rice plants with genes from mangroves in the greenhouse

16. Low cost Green Houses and Economic Water Use Ideal where evapo- transpiration exceeds precipitation Eg. Kutchh

17. When the British came in 1600 AD, there were already hundreds of thousands of tanks across the country. The tanks and their catchments had religious importance and were not polluted Dying Wisdom: Temple Tanks

18. Built in 7 th Century AD Household Water Harvesting Structure in Kumaon Hills

19. Chennai Rain Center: A Single Stop Information Source Launching a Water Literacy Movement

20. Gene BankSeed BankWater BankGrain Bank Community Managed Gene, Seed, Water and Food Security System Tribal Community in Koraput, Orissa was awarded the Equator Initiative Award at Johannesburg, 2003

21. Strengthening Water Security oUndertake eco-restoration of hydrologic hot spots oDevelop ground water sanctuaries in chronically drought prone areas oGive priority to Water Saving and Sharing in the Employment Guarantee programme initiated in 150 district

22. Sarvodaya Community Co-operation Community is humanity’s most holistic win / win expression of doing more with less. This success- generating context is as true for cities and towns as it is for nations and states. The ultimate understanding of community is that we each have two homes – one we can lock and call our own – the other, having neither doors nor walls, can only be shared. Vernon D Swaback, FAIA, FAICP

23. Choice of Crop duration in Rice according to Water availability

24. Need for Appropriate Implements Inter – row Water Harvesting

25. Community Water Harvesting and Cultivation of High value but low water requiring crops (Grain Legumes)

26. Simulation Modelling Crop Weather Watch Groups oAlternative cropping strategies oSeed reserves to implement contingency plans oRural Climate Managers oComputer-aided knowledge centres Monsoon Management

27. Most Seriously Affected Areas (MSA) Most Favourable Areas (MFA) oFood, water and fodder security oGround Water Sanctuaries oCrop life saving agronomy oCompensatory production programmes oProduction of seeds, feed grains, fodder and fuel wood National Monsoon Management Strategy

28. Building a Sustainable Water Security System Integrated Strategy – for Today: oSea Water : Coastal Agro-aqua farms and sea water farming oSewage and Effluents : Mandatory treatment and recycling oRain Water : Mandatory harvesting, storage and economic use oGround Water : Legislation to regard ground water as a public rather than a private resource oRivers, Lakes, Tanks and Wells : Attention to quality and efficiency oBasic Ground Rule : Conjunctive use of different water sources Attention to Water quality

29. oPolicy for the safe and responsible use of pesticides oDefine Food Security as “physical, economic, ecological and social access to balanced diet and safe drinking water” oDesignate one woman and one male member in all grassroot elected bodies as Water Quality Managers Water Quality Public Policy and Action

31. Hunger Chronic Hidden Transient Food Security Availability Access Absorption Awareness – Analysis - Action

32. Source : FAO

33. A. Steps have to be taken to enhance oSustainability through conservation and enhancement of the basic life support systems (land, water, forests, biodiversity and the atmosphere). oProductivity through bridging the gap between potential and actual yields. oQuality through awareness of Codex Alimentarius standards and sanitary and phytosanitary measures. oIncome through enhancement of factor productivity, farming system diversification and value addition Enhancing our Agricultural Competitiveness Basic Thrusts

34. Green Revolution Ever-green Revolution Commodity Centered and Laboratory Research Integrated Natural Resources Management Centered and Participatory Research with Farm Families Paradigm Shift : Adding the Dimension of Environmental sustainability

35. What nations with small farms and resource poor farmers need is the enhancement of productivity in perpetuity, without associated ecological or social harm. The green revolution should become an ever-green revolution rooted in the principles of ecology, economics and social and gender equity. - M S Swaminathan, 1990 Concept of Ever-green Revolution

36. Organic Farming 1) Soil Health 2) Water Quality 3) Plant Health 5) Animal Health Vermiculture Bio-fertilisers Stem nodulating green manure crops Bioremediation Genetic Resistance Biopesticides Vaccines High quality feeds and fodder 6) Environment Biomonitoring through Bio-indicators Higher Carbon Sequestration 4) Post-harvest Technology New strains with improved keeping, processing and transport qualities IFOAM : Genetic Engineering is excluded in organic agriculture Biotechnology and Organic Agriculture

37. oDemographic Challenge :Attracting and retaining youth in farming oTechnological Challenge:Genetic Engineering, Information Technology oEcological Challenge :Climate, Water, Soil, Biodiversity oEconomic Challenge :World Trade Agreement in Agriculture oEthical Challenge :Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Farmers’ Rights oEquity Challenge :Social and gender equity – Reaching the Unreached Managing Change in Agriculture

38. Impact on oTemperature oPrecipitation oSea level oIncidence of Cyclones, Storms and Weather related Calamities Climate Change and Food and Livelihood Security

39. LocationLatitude ( o N)Duration (days)Grain Yield (q ha -1 ) Gurdaspur3215049 Ludhiana3114850 Hissar2914043 Pantnagar2914043 New Delhi2814043 Kanpur2613740 Junagarh2112535 Pune1812031 Hyderabad1711526 Bangalore1311022 Coimbatore1110016 Crop Duration and Grain Yield of Wheat at Different Locations Source: Based on several years data from the All India Coordinated Project on Wheat improvement. ICAR, New Delhi

40. Changes in Land Use oChanges in farmed area oChanges in cropping and farming systems Changes in Agronomic Management oWater management oSoil health management oManagement of weeds, pests and diseases oDrainage and control of erosion Changes in Crop and Livestock Farming Systems Coping Strategies

41. oMost Favourable Areas (MFA) : Compensatory Production programmes oMost Seriously Affected Areas (MSA) : Relief and Rehabilitation measures oDrought, Flood and Good Weather Codes Mapping Response Zones

42. oVillage Knowledge Centres (VKC) (one woman & one man in every village) oRural Climate Managers oCattle Camps oIntegrated Insurance for Human Security : Health, Weather, Crops and livestock Minimising Vulnerability

43. Jamsetiji Tata National Virtual Academy for Rural Prosperity [NVA] State Level Hub (MSSRF) Data Managers (both connectivity and content) Data Generators & Providers Data Users (Rural families) Block level hub Satellite Web based interactive portal ICT-enabled knowledge flow Lab to Lab, Lab to Land, Land to Lab, Land to Land

44. Educational Institutions Community Radio Internet Radio - Synergy MSSRFMSSRF Cable Radio

45. MSSRF-TATA National Virtual Academy MSSRF-Chennai Thiruvaiyaru Sempatti Rameswaram MSSRF-ISRO Village Resource Centers Forward Channel 1536 Kbps Return Channel 384 Kbps Tele-Agriculture Tele-Fisheries Tele-Medicine Tele-Health Tele-Education

46. Soil Analysis Data oTypical soil analysis results of samples from Mahabubnagar, Nalgonda and Kurnool showed  90% fields were deficient in sulfur  81-94% in zinc and  92-100% were deficient in boron Source : ICRISAT Sulphur and Micronutrient Deficiencies in Semi-arid Areas

47. oThe application of nitrogen and phosphorus with micronutrients increased yields over the control (farmer’s practices)  Maize – 79%  Groundnut – 28%  Green gram – 51%  Castor – 61% Source : ICRISAT Effects of Fertilizer Application on Yields of Crops

48. 8000 BC 1900 Land races 1930 Pureline selection 1950 Cross breds 2010 Biotech- nology 1995 Indica/ Indica hybrids 2005 Indica/ Tropical japonica hybrids 19651990 2000 New plant type Semidwarfs (IR8) (IR72) 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Potential yield (t/ha) From Green to Gene Revolution in Rice Public Sector Public-Private Sector 2004 : International Year of Rice

49. Hybrid Rice and raising the ceiling to yield

50. Hybrid Wheat : Seed Production Plot

51. Implementing Farmers’ Rights

52. Source: FAO Strengthening Food and Livelihood Security Enlarging the Food Basket Million Metric Tonnes Global Production of Food Crops - 2002

53. Six Point Action Plan: oImplement all nutrition safety net schemes in an integrated manner on a life-cycle basis; fill gaps with reference to adolescent girls and pregnant women to avoid children with low birth weight, as well as to infants with 0-2 age group. oPromote the widening of the food security basket by encouraging the establishment of Community Grain Banks based on local grains (millets, pulses, etc). oOrganise a Food Guarantee Programme combining the principles of EGS and Food for Work. Engender the Food for Work Programme so as to assist women to undertake a wide variety of human and social development programmes. Mission 2007 : A Hunger-free India Contd …

54. Six Point Action Plan: oSustain, strengthen and spread the on-going self-help revolution (SHGs) by ensuring backward linkages with technology and credit and forward linkages with markets. oEnhance the productivity of cropping and farming systems by helping to bridge the prevailing wide gap between potential and actual yields, through mutually reinforcing packages of technology, services and public policies. oEstablish “Self-Employment Innovations Parks” by providing opportunities for farm, veterinary, fisheries, home science and commerce graduates to establish Food Processing and Biotechnology Parks, as well as Agri-clinics, Agri-business Centres and Agri-export facilities in an integrated manner at suitable locations. Mission 2007 : A Hunger-free India

55. I have not pictured a poverty- stricken India consisting ignorant millions. Establish gram swaraj – make each village self-contained as regards the essential needs of its inhabitants. - Mahatma Gandhi