1. Energy Requirements of Skeletal Muscles

2. Metabolism of skeletal muscle depends on O 2 uptake -- depends on whether exercise is light, moderate, heavy, which depends on a person’s maximum capacity for aerobic exercise --Maximal oxygen uptake (aerobic capacity), abbreviated V O2 max It is expressed as ml O2/min/kg of body weight High = 84 ml/min/kg (young male athlete) Low = 12 ml/min/kg (older, sedentary people)

3. Capacities for Aerobic Oxygen

4. From the Internet

5. Muscle Fuel Consumption During Exercise Light – (and resting muscles) get most of their energy from fatty acids Moderate (just below the lactate threshold) energy is obtained about equally from fatty acids and glucose Heavy – glucose, (from the muscle’s stored glycogen and from blood plasma) becomes increasingly important

6. LEG Muscle GLUCOSE Consumption During Exercise CYCLE ERGOMETER GLUCOSE UPTAKE : Exercise stimulates glut 4 transporters to be inserted into the plasma membrane of muscle cells. The more intense the exercise, the more glut4 transporters are inserted. -- this is independent of insulin

7. Oxygen Debt: the length of time it takes to ‘catch your breath’ after lactic acid build-up Click here for a 1 minute videohere Oxygen debt is the amount of oxygen that you owe yourself to convert lactate back into pyruvate and restore aerobic respiration.

8. Production of Phosphocreatine Rapid production of ATP is accomplished by combining ADP with inorganic phosphate derived from phosphocreatine Phosphocreatine is a high-energy reserve found in muscle cells. The reverse reaction is catalyzed during rest (to restore depleted supplies.

9. Different Exercise Regimens between twins This is a famous photograph showing differences in body types between identical twins that simply used different exercise regimens. Skinny guy – a runner, high aerobic capacity and endurance Buffed guy – a weight lifter, does his exercise with short bursts of energy, rather than endurance. What’s going on here?

10. SLOW- AND FAST-TWITCH FIBERS SLOW-TWITCH: Contract slowly often “postural” high oxidative capacity contract without fatigue numerous mitochondria myoglobin sometimes called red fibers examples: soleus (leg) FAST-TWITCH: Contract quickly less capillary supply fewer mitochondria adapted to metabolize anaerobically use a glycogen storage examples: extraocular muscles that position the eyes

11. Relative Abundance of Fiber Types

12. Muscle fatigue Defined as a reversible, exercise-induced reduction in the ability of a muscle to generate force Many causes, which seem to be determined by the type of exercise. E.g. lifting an extremely heavy weight. K+ builds up outside of muscle cells

13. Adaptation to Endurance Exercise Training Student activity: Compare the storage of fatty acids in obese people with the storage of fatty acids in athletes. What’s the difference?