1. The Steppe Peoples

2. Geography The Steppe Level grassland Europe through Asia Short growing season

3. The Seljuk Turks Conquered the Middle East Palestine 1090’s  European Crusade Crusade = “Holy War” or Holy Cause (Jihad) Europeans felt Christians, not Muslims should control Jerusalem Crusades ultimately failed.

5. The Mongols Nomadic herders Yurts – movable huts Clans – large family groups

6. Unification of the Mongols – 1200’s Temujin unites tribes Genghis Khan or “Universal Ruler” Creates the Yasa Conquest – 1st the steppe peoples Tribute  Stronger Army  attack advanced civilizations (China, Gupta, Seljks, Russians)

7. Adopt tactics of enemy Siege Gunpowder Battering rams Ladders

9. The Conquered by 1279 West to Moscow & Kiev (Russia) Persia to Iraq (Middle East) China By 1300’s Mughal dynasty in India Pax Mongolia - The Mongols stabilized trade routes, protected the Silk Route and built prosperous kingdoms or Khanates

11. The Mughal Dynasty 1300’s Mongols and Turks begin conquest of territories on the Indian sub-continent Called the Mughals (Mongols)

12. The Ottoman Turks Seljuk unity was destroyed by Mongol invasions of the Middle East New Turkish kingdom on Asia Minor rises to power Osman  Othman  Ottoman Turks (European name for leader)

13. 1600’s Ottoman Empire