1. The age of nationalism (2): the emergence of Serbia and Montenegro Yugoslavia: History and Disintegration Dr Dejan Djokić Department of History Goldsmiths University of London

2. Serbia in the 19C Wars for liberation and unification Struggle between monarchs and nascent modern political institutions Dynastic struggle (Karadjordjević vs. Obrenović, and at times vs. the Petrović dynasty of Montenegro) Emergence of a modern national identity through culture & modernisation To a degree, all these developments present in Montenegro, too

3. Serbia, Montenegro and the Illyrian provinces, early 19C

4. Serbia, main political developments 1804-1813: the First Serbia Uprising. Djordje Petrović - Karadjordje (Black George) 1815-1830: the Second Serbian Uprising. Miloš Obrenović 1817: limited autonomy for Serbia recognised by the Ottoman Empire; Miloš recognised as a hereditary Prince; Karadjordje murdered upon his return to Serbia by Miloš’s men 1829 – The Porte grants full autonomy to Serbia, following a defeat in a war with Russia, which guarantees Serbia’s autonomy [ => The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (Kuchuk Kainarji) of 1774] 1839: first Constitution 1844 – Načertanije (Draft) – a secret document by Ilija Garašanin 1856 – Paris Peace Treaty – Serbia’s autonomy collectively guaranteed by Britain, France and Russia 1869 – new Constitution; parliamentary politics dominated by two political parties: the Liberals and the Progressives 1875 – peasant revolts in Herzegovina and Bosnia 1876 – Serbo-Turkish war; Serbia defeated 1877-78 – Russo-Turkish war; Serbia and Montenegro join Russia; the Ottomans defeated

5. Karadjordje Petrović (1768-1817)

6. Prince Miloš Obrenović (1780-1860)

7. Prince Miloš Obrenović (1780-1860) [an 1848 portrait]

8. Serbia, main political developments 1878 – The Congress of Berlin; Serbia and Montenegro recognised as fully independent states; Bosnia-Herzegovina occupied by Austria-Hungary 1882 – Milan Obrenović proclaims himself a King, with Austro-Hungarian support 1880s – the emergence of the People’s Radical Party 1903 – the May Coup d’Etat; King Aleksandar Obrenović and Queen Dreaga murdered by a group of army officers; the end of the Obrenović dynasty; Prince Peter Karadjordjević, the grandson of Karadjordje Petrović return from exile, and is crowned in 1904 King Petar I 1908 – Austria-Hungary annexes Bosnia-Herzegovina; Serbia on the brink of war with the neighbouring Empire 1912 – The First Balkan War: the Ottomans lose their European provinces; Serbia and Montenegro in control of Kosovo and Metohija, regions they consider the ‘heart’ of the medieval Serbian Empire 1913 – The Second Balkan War over Macedonia; Serbia, Monternegro and Greece, joined by Romania and the Ottoman Empire defeat Bulgaria; the Ottomans regain territory in Europe, around Adrianople; Serbia doubles in teritory 1914 – 28 June: the assassination of Grand Duke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip, a member of ‘Young Bosnia’; The First World War breaks out a month later

9. Vuk Stefanović Karadžić (1787–1864)

10. Vuk’s work: literary, historical, linguistic 1814 – Vuk Karadžić publishes Serbian Grammar and Short Popular Slavo-Serbian Song-book (in the 1840s published 4 more volumes of popular songs) 1818 – Vuk Karadžić publishes Serbian Dictionary 1823 – Karadžić’s collection of Serbian Popular Songs published in Leipzig, receiving high praise from, among others, Jakob Grimm and Goethe Leopold von Ranke, Die Serbische Revolution (1829). Vuk is the main source. 1832 –35 Vuk Karadžić leaves Serbia amid disagreements with Prince Miloš and the Church, and travels widely across South Slav lands, meeting, among others, Ljudevit Gaj and Prince-Bishop Petar II Petrović Njegoš of Montenegro 1850 – The Vienna language agreement

11. Language Croatian dialects: Kajkavski, Čakavski, Štokavski (what). Serbs speak Štokavski. Three other sub-dialects: Ekavski, Ijekavski, Ikavski. E.g. milk: mleko, mlijeko, mliko. Unified alphabet, 30 sounds, each assigned a letter. Serbian Cyrillic. Phonetic spelling (‘write as you speak’)

12. Danica Ilirska (The Illyrian Morningstar)

13. The Balkans in 1878, after the short-lived Treaty of San Stefano (left) and the Congress of Berlin (right)

14. The Berlin Congress of 1878, cartoon from 'Le Perroquet' magazine 1879 / Bibliotheque Nationale, Paris, France / Archives Charmet / The Bridgeman Art Library

15. The Balkans on the eve of the First World War

16. Montenegro, main developments De facto independent, de iure part of the Ottoman Empire; threats from Austria and Venice Prince-bishops (theocracy) from the Petrović-Njegoš family Close ties with Serbia and Russia. Serb identity, but emergence of a separate statehood. Throughout the century a strong movement for unification with Serbia 1852 becomes a hereditary principality, ruled by princes from the Petrović-Njegoš family 1877-78 – Russo-Turkish war; Serbia and Montenegro join Russia; the Ottomans defeated 1878 Congress of Berlin, becomes an independent state 1905 – first Constitution 1910 – becomes a kingdom, under Nicholas I, ‘father-in-law of Europe’ 1912 – The First Balkan War: the Ottomans lose their European provinces; Serbia and Montenegro in control of Kosovo and Metohija, regions they consider the ‘heart’ of the medieval Serbian Empire 1913 – The Second Balkan War over Macedonia; Serbia, Monternegro and Greece, joined by Romania and the Ottoman Empire defeat Bulgaria; 1914 – 28 June: the assassination of Grand Duke Franz Ferdinand in Sarajevo by Gavrilo Princip sparks the First World War a month later, with Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war on Serbia. Montenegro declares war on Austria-Hungary, king Nicholas calls upon Montenegrins to fight for the ‘Serbdom and Yugoslavdom’

17. Petar II Petrović-Njegoš (1813-1851) Prince-Bishop (Vladika) of Montenegro

18. ‘Montenegro weds the [Adriatic] Sea’, by Ivan Zmirić, 1881

19. Europe after the Congress of Berlin, 1878

20. Ethnic composition of the Austrian empire, 1815

21. Three stages of Yugoslavism in the ‘long’ 19C The Ilyrian movement (1830s-1840s) Yugoslavism of the 1860s Croat-Serb Coalition (‘New course’), early 20C

22. Military border (Vojna krajina)

23. ‘Migration of the Serbs’ by Paja Jovanović, 1895