1. BELLWORK 10/28 1.List five characteristics of militarism. 2.Why was it necessary for European countries to have large armies? How/when/why does a large army become a disadvantage or liability? 3.How did the dreadnought lead to a naval arms race? 4.How did industrialization impact militarism? 5.THINKER: Why was militarism a long-term cause of WWI?

2. WORLD WAR I CAUSES, PRACTICES & EFFECTS OF WAR

3. World War I The War was also known as THE GREAT WAR and famously “THE WAR TO END ALL WARS” It was a global military conflict that took place mainly in Europe between 1914 & 1918. It was a total war which left great devastation, millions dead and shaped the modern world. World War I created a decisive break with the old world order that had emerged after the Napoleonic Wars. The results of World War I would be important factors in the development of World War II; 21 years later.

4. Long-Term Causes 1870-1905

5. What is meant by “long-term?” Background causes/problems that had been building for decades prior (~1870-1905) “The ‘long-term’ causes did not make the First World War inevitable. Instead, they made war more likely. These developments fueled the suspicion, fear and tension between the European powers. They increased the probability of a big war and limited the likelihood of a short and regional war.” These causes were interconnected!

6. Long-term Causes : Why did the war break out? Napoleon Bonaparte and the Rise of Nationalist Sentiment Colonial Expansion Anglo-German Naval Race Militarism Tension in the Balkans Ascension of Kaiser Wilhelm II Web of alliances

7. MAIN CAUSES OF WWI M ilitarism A lliances I mperialism N ationalism ***These background causes were building for 40-50 years before the actual outbreak of WWI.

8. Long-Term Cause #1: Militarism Militarism: building up armed forces in preparation for war Characteristics: Army and military forces are given a high profile by the government Increased military spending and production Implementation of the draft Led to an arms race The armies of both France and Germany had more than doubled between 1870 and 1914 and there was fierce competition between Britain and Germany for naval superiority. The British had introduced the 'Dreadnought', an effective battleship, in 1906. The Germans soon followed suit introducing their own battleships.

9. MILITARISM 187018801890190019101914 94130154268289398 European Military Spending Year Millions of $

10. Britain maintained a large lead over Germany in all categories of warships. Both nations believed that command of the seas was vital to a great nation.

11. CountrySoldiersLarge Naval Vessels Tonnage Size/Carrying Capacity Russia54,0004328,000 France68,00010731,000 Britain209,000292,205,000 TOTAL331,000433,264,000 Germany79,000171,019,000 Austria-Hungary16,0003249,000 TOTAL95,000201,268,000 The naval strength of the powers in 1914

12. THINKER Discussion Why was militarism a long-term cause of WWI?

13. HOMEWORK: Due Monday! Read about alliances! Pages 112-113 Complete “alliance system” portion of packet.

14. BELLWORK 10/31 1.Why would a country agree to an alliance? 2.Explain Germany’s (Bismarck’s) strategy for obtaining alliances. How was this different than Britain’s strategy? 3.Describe the growing system of alliances. Who aligned with who? Who were the biggest rivals? 4.THINKER: Why were alliances a long-term cause of WWI?

15. Cause #2: Alliances An alliance is an agreement to help defend, if needed. Several alliances were signed between 1879- 1914 Key to diplomacy – protect yourself & isolate your enemies! These alliances meant that some countries had no option but to declare war if one of their allies declared war first Describe the growing system of alliances. Who did Germany want to align with? Who did Austria-Hungary target?

16. Formation of the WWI Alliances In 1879 Germany and Austria- Hungary agreed to form a Dual Alliance. This became the Triple Alliance when in 1882 it was expanded to include Italy. The three countries agreed to support each other if attacked by either France or Russia. It was renewed at five-yearly intervals. France felt threatened by this alliance. Britain was also concerned by the growth in the Germany Navy and in 1904 the two countries signed the Entente Cordiale (friendly understanding). The objective of the alliance was to encourage co-operation against the perceived threat of Germany. Three years later, Russia who also feared the growth in the German Army, joined Britain & France to form the Triple Entente. The Russian government was also concerned about the possibility of Austria Hungary increasing the size of its empire. It therefore made promises to help Serbia if it was attacked by members of the Triple Alliance The formation of the Triple Entente in 1907 by Britain, France and Russia reinforced the need for the Triple Alliance.

18. THINKER Discussion Why were alliances a long-term cause of WWI?

19. HOMEWORK: Due Thursday! Finish reading about the Long-Term causes of WWI with imperialism and nationalism. Read pgs. 114-115 and complete the Imperialism and Nationalism sections of your packet.

20. BELLWORK: November 3 rd 1.Why did European powers want to colonize Africa and the Far East? How did this lead to problems between the powers? 2.Describe the conflict over Morocco. 3.How did Austria-Hungary view the Balkans? How was this different than the Russian view? 4.How did nationalism increase the probability of war? 5.THINKER: In your opinion, which one of the long term causes had the biggest impact on starting WWI? Explain!

21. Cause #3 - Imperialism Why did European powers want to colonize Africa and the Far East? How did this lead to problems between the powers? Due to industrialization, countries needed new markets & resources  Imperialism! Imperialism: establishing political, economic and military dominance over weaker nations By 1900, all large European powers had colonies in Africa or Asia (not Austria-Hungary) How did Germany’s new leader, Kaiser Wilhelm II respond to this?

23. Moroccan Crisis: 1905 ***Why did Germany interfere in Morocco in both 1905 and 1911? In 1904 Morocco had been given to France by Britain, but the Moroccans wanted their independence. In 1905, Germany announced her support for Moroccan independence. War was narrowly avoided by a conference which allowed France to retain possession of Morocco. However, in 1911, the Germans were again protesting against French possession of Morocco. Britain supported France and Germany was persuaded to back down for part of French Congo. How did this impact European alliances?

24. Why was imperialism a cause of WWI? Imperialist rivalries formed as countries competed and fought over new territories and resources The great powers had come into conflict over spheres of influence in Asia (Open Door Policy – China & Japan) and over territories in Africa (Moroccan Crisis) Germany embarked late, but aggressively, on colonial expansion under Emperor Wilhelm II. His policy of Weltpolitik was aggressive and a threat to other European powers. Germany felt isolated and victimized!

26. Kaiser Wilhelm II Last German Emperor (Kaiser), ruled from June 1888 - November 1918. When Kaiser Wilhelm II came to power, he quickly retired Chancellor Bismarck, and upset the balance of power by refusing to renew Germany's friendship with Russia. Launched Germany on a "New Course" in foreign affairs that culminated in his support for Austria-Hungary in 1914. Germany soon found itself as a minority. Its only European ally was the weakest of the European powers, Austria-Hungary.

27. Cause #4: Nationalism The French Revolution resulted in chaos and the ascent of Napoleon to power. Napoleon's armies marched all over Europe, bringing not only French control, but French ideas. The rise of ideas of nationalism, devotion and pride for one's common people and ethnicity, increased in popularity during the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon encouraged the spread of nationalism, which he saw in his troops, to better the French war machine. The French people began to feel pride in their culture and ethnicity. The world watched nationalism for the first time and saw the power the French gained from it. Following the Napoleonic Wars, all of Europe was sharing these ideas There were two types of nationalism that emerged during the era: Desire for dominance Oppressed groups’ desire for independence

29. Nationalism How did Austria- Hungary view the Balkans? How was this different than the Russian view?

30. Conflict in the Balkans Balkan states drove Turkey out of the area The states then fought each other over which area should belong to which state… all wanted sea access! Austria-Hungary then intervened and forced Serbia to give up some of its acquisitions. Russia intervened to protect Serbia, but backed down after threats from Austria-Hungary. Tension between Serbia and Austria-Hungary was high. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LAxbI_o7e7Y

31. How did nationalism increase the probability of war?

32. THINKER Discussion In your opinion, which of the four background causes (militarism, alliances, imperialism, nationalism) was the biggest cause of WWI? Explain!

33. Review Skits: Long-Term Causes In order to review the long-term causes, the class will be broken into four groups. Each group will be assigned a cause. Your task is to create a skit that represents your cause, the problems, and how it contributed to WWI. Your characters must be countries – how will you represent this? This will be good review! Have fun, but take this seriously – what are the main points? How can you simplify the information in a way that’s easy to understand?