1. How Neurotransmitters Influence Us? Serotonin pathways are involved with mood regulation. From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press

2. Dopamine Pathways Dopamine pathways are involved with diseases such as schizophrenia and Parkinson’s disease. From Mapping the Mind, Rita Carter, © 1989 University of California Press

3. Schizophrenia A mental disorder that makes it difficult to tell the difference between real and unreal experiences, to think logically, to have normal emotional responses, and to behave normally in social situations. A mental disorder that makes it difficult to tell the difference between real and unreal experiences, to think logically, to have normal emotional responses, and to behave normally in social situations.

4. Multiple Sclerosis MS destroys myelin sheaths of axons MS destroys myelin sheaths of axons This can cause erratic and uncoordinated behavior This can cause erratic and uncoordinated behavior Mouseketeer- Annette Funicello

5. Brain Infections Parkinson’s disease Parkinson’s disease Meningitis Meningitis Encephalitis Encephalitis

6. Parkinson's Disease A degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's motor skills, speech, and other functions. A degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's motor skills, speech, and other functions. central nervous system motor skills central nervous system motor skills

7. Parkinson’s Disease Degenerative CNS disorder Degenerative CNS disorder Rigidity, tremors, gait difficulties Rigidity, tremors, gait difficulties Onset Onset Gender Gender

8. Two Types of Parkinson’s Disease Idiopathic PD (primary) Idiopathic PD (primary) Secondary PD (trauma, cerebrovascular accidents, tumor, drug-induced) Secondary PD (trauma, cerebrovascular accidents, tumor, drug-induced) Stages Stages Causes Causes

9. Meningitis An infection of the cerebrospinal fluid and the lining of the brain An infection of the cerebrospinal fluid and the lining of the brain It spreads very rapidly, and can cause brain damage and kill in less than 24 hours It spreads very rapidly, and can cause brain damage and kill in less than 24 hours Rifampin- drug used a preventive measure Rifampin- drug used a preventive measure

10. Symptoms of Meningitis In adults: vomiting, headaches, drowsiness, seizures, high fever, joint pain, stiff neck In adults: vomiting, headaches, drowsiness, seizures, high fever, joint pain, stiff neck In children: arching back and neck, blank stare, refusal to eat, cold hands and feet, vomiting In children: arching back and neck, blank stare, refusal to eat, cold hands and feet, vomiting Diagnosis/spinal tap Diagnosis/spinal tap

11. Encephalitis Inflammation of the brain by a virus Inflammation of the brain by a virus Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Herpes simplex virus (HSV) Transmission Transmission Milder forms of encephalitis Milder forms of encephalitis

12. Symptoms of Encephalitis Fever, headache, poor appetite, loss of energy Fever, headache, poor appetite, loss of energy Severe symptoms also include nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, pupils of different sizes, personality changes, seizures, problems with speech and hearing, double vision, memory loss, and coma. Severe symptoms also include nausea, vomiting, stiff neck, pupils of different sizes, personality changes, seizures, problems with speech and hearing, double vision, memory loss, and coma.

13. Preventing Encephalitis Proper childhood immunizations Proper childhood immunizations Avoiding insect bites Avoiding insect bites Eliminate standing water around the house Eliminate standing water around the house

14. Paresis Syphilis of the brain

15. Causes of Paresis

16. Paresis occurs most frequently in men between the ages of 35 and 50. Paresis occurs most frequently in men between the ages of 35 and 50. It is considered a sexually transmissible infection. It can be transmitted through normal sexual intercourse, or oral/genital contact It is considered a sexually transmissible infection. It can be transmitted through normal sexual intercourse, or oral/genital contact

17. Spirochete

18. Spirochete Invades a victim’s body through a cut or break in the skin or through the mucous membranes in the mouth or genital areas. Invades a victim’s body through a cut or break in the skin or through the mucous membranes in the mouth or genital areas. Syphilis is a sexually transmissible disease; it can also be congenital. Syphilis is a sexually transmissible disease; it can also be congenital. Most babies born to syphilitic mothers are stillborn, while others are born blind. Most babies born to syphilitic mothers are stillborn, while others are born blind.

19. The Stages of Syphilis

20. Diagnosis Chancre (A small sore that appears on the lips or sex organs; disappears without treatment Chancre (A small sore that appears on the lips or sex organs; disappears without treatment Causes rashes, skin infections, flu-like symptoms, hair loss Causes rashes, skin infections, flu-like symptoms, hair loss Diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid Diagnosis of cerebrospinal fluid

21. Symptoms of Paresis Pupil of eye does not respond to light Pupil of eye does not respond to light Tremors of fingers, tongue, eyes Tremors of fingers, tongue, eyes Loss of motor control Loss of motor control Shuffling gait Shuffling gait Personality changes Personality changes

22. Brain Injuries

23. Brain Trauma A physical accident where the head receives a severe blow. A physical accident where the head receives a severe blow. Auto accidents, sports injuries Auto accidents, sports injuries

24. Types of Head Trauma Concussion Concussion Contusion Contusion Laceration Laceration

25. Concussion Temporary loss of consciousness Temporary loss of consciousness Causes no permanent damage to skull or brain tissue Causes no permanent damage to skull or brain tissue Flaccid paralysis- boxer Flaccid paralysis- boxer Symptoms: headaches, experience dizziness, have difficulty concentrating, and may even experience memory loss Symptoms: headaches, experience dizziness, have difficulty concentrating, and may even experience memory loss

26. Contusions Actual bruising of neural tissue Actual bruising of neural tissue May cause a coma May cause a coma Loss of speech, convulsions, disorientation, delusions Loss of speech, convulsions, disorientation, delusions

27. Lacerations The most serious of brain injuries The most serious of brain injuries A foreign object such as a bullet enters the skull A foreign object such as a bullet enters the skull Brain tissue is destroyed Brain tissue is destroyed

28. James Brady Reagan’s press secretary Reagan’s press secretary Shot March 30, 1981 Shot March 30, 1981 Wound to the head Wound to the head Brady Bill Brady Bill

29. Cerebral Laceration The case of Phineas Gage The case of Phineas Gage

30. Vascular Accidents Injuries to brain tissue resulting from blockage or breaking of cranial blood vessels Injuries to brain tissue resulting from blockage or breaking of cranial blood vessels Cerebral thrombosis/stroke Cerebral thrombosis/stroke Strokes are the most common CVAs Strokes are the most common CVAs Effects Effects

31. Cerebral Hemorrhages Blood vessels in the brain rupture (aneurysm) Blood vessels in the brain rupture (aneurysm) Blood spills directly onto the brain tissue Blood spills directly onto the brain tissue Coma,convulsions Coma,convulsions

32. Brain Injuries Resulting from Surgery Techniques for neurosurgery Techniques for neurosurgery Transorbital lobotomy Transorbital lobotomy Early lobotomy procedures Early lobotomy procedures Closed standard lobotomy Closed standard lobotomy

33. Phineas Gage https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kR7_ oMSUBFE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kR7_ oMSUBFE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kR7_ oMSUBFE https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kR7_ oMSUBFE