1. Emerging Governments

2. Civil Liberties Civil liberties are rights and freedoms that provide an individual specific rights.rightsfreedomsindividual Some examples are the right to life, freedom of religion, and freedom of speech, the right to a trial, to own property, freedom from slavery, freedom of assembly, and the right to marry and have a family.freedom of religionfreedom of speechtrialproperty

3. Beginning of Civil Liberties The formal concept of civil liberties dates back to the English legal charter the Magna Carta 1215.EnglishcharterMagna Carta

4. United States The United States Constitution, especially its Bill of Rights, protects civil liberties. Human rights within the United States are often called civil rights, which are those rights, privileges and immunities held by all Americans.United States Constitution Bill of Rights civil rights

5. Canada The Constitution of Canada includes the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms which guarantees many of the same rights as the U.S. constitution, with the exceptions of protection against establishment of religion. However, the Charter does protect freedom of religion. The Charter also does not mention protection for property.Constitution of Canada Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedomsestablishment of religionfreedom of religion

6. United Kingdom While the United Kingdom has no written constitution, the European Convention on Human Rights covers both human rights and civil liberties. The Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates the great majority of Convention rights directly into UK law.United KingdomEuropean Convention on Human Rightshuman rightsHuman Rights Act 1998

7. China The Constitution of People's Republic of China (which applies only to mainland China, not to Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan), claims to protect many civil liberties.Constitution of People's Republic of Chinamainland China

8. Russia The Constitution of Russian Federation guarantees the same rights and civil liberties as the U.S. except to bear arms (freedom of speech, freedom of religion, due process, to a fair trial, privacy, freedom to vote, etc.)Constitution of Russian Federation

9. Human Rights Human rights are "rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled.rights freedoms

10. Many of the basic ideas that started the movement developed after the Second World War, which led to its adoption by the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948.Second World WarUnited Nations General Assembly The true beginning of human rights was the enlightenment idea of natural rights developed by figures such as John Locke. enlightenmentnatural rightsJohn Locke

11. Africa The African Union (AU) is a union made up of 53 African states. Established in 2001, the AU's purpose is to help secure Africa's democracy, human rights, and a sustainable economy, especially by bringing an end to intra-African conflict and creating an effective common market.African Union

12. The African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) is a part of the African Union that promotes and protects human rights and collective rights throughout the African continent. The Commission has three broad areas of responsibility:African Commission on Human and Peoples' RightsAfrican Union – Promoting human and peoples' rights – Protecting human and peoples' rights – Interpreting the African Charter on Human and Peoples' RightsAfrican Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights

13. The Organization of American States (OAS) is an international organization, headquartered in Washington, D.C., United States. Its members are the 35 independent states of the Americas. Its priorities now include the following:Organization of American States Washington, D.C. – Strengthening democracy – Working for peace – Protecting human rights – Combating corruption – The rights of Indigenous Peoples – Promoting sustainable development

14. The Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (the IACHR) meets in regular and special sessions several times a year to examine allegations of human rights violations in the hemisphere.Inter-American Commission on Human Rights

15. The Council of Europe, founded in 1949, is the oldest organization working for European integration. It is an international organization. The Council of Europe is responsible forCouncil of Europe – the European Convention on Human Rights – the European Court of Human Rights – the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages – the European Social Charter. The European Convention on Human Rights has defined and guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe since 1950. In order to prevent torture and inhuman or degrading treatment the Committee for the Prevention of Torture was established.European Convention on Human RightsCommittee for the Prevention of Torture The European Court of Human Rights is the only international court with jurisdiction to deal with cases brought by individuals (rather than states).European Court of Human Rights

16. Separation of Powers The separation of powers, is a model for the governance of a state. Under this model, the state is divided into branches, each with separate and independent powers and areas of responsibility so that no one branch has more power than the other branches. governance state

17. Belgium is currently a federated state that has imposed the separation of powers on different governmental levels. Belgium – Legislative: 2 part parliament (the Chamber of Representatives and a Senate) – Executive: The Council of Ministers (the ministers are appointed by the King) – Judicial: The courts

18. Costa Rica established the three supreme powers: – Legislature – Executive – Judicial Costa Rica also created two other branches that have equal power. – The first is the Supreme Elections Tribunal which controls electionsSupreme Elections Tribunal – The second is the office of the Comptroller General (audit branch) which controls all budgetsComptroller General

19. The government of France is divided up into 3 branches. – Executive: This includes the elected president as well as the prime minister and cabinet. – Legislature: A 2 part legislature that includes the Senate and the National Assembly Legislature – Judiciary: This includes the judicial and administrative orders as well as a constitutional court. Judiciary

20. Hong Kong has three branches of government as set in the Basic Law:Basic Law – Government - executive Government – Legislative Council - legislature Legislative Council – Judiciary (Court of Final Appeal and other courts and tribunals) - judiciary Judiciary

21. India The democratic system in India also offers a clear separation of powers into 3 branches:India – Parliament = Legislative Parliament – Cabinet Secretariat = Executive Cabinet Secretariat – Supreme Court = Judicial Supreme Court

22. United States The Unites States has established three branches of government: – Executive: The Presidential branch – Legislative: 2 part legislature that includes the Senate and the House of Representatives – Judicial: The Court system