1. Date of download: 11/12/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Reduction of Epistemic Model Uncertainty in Simulation-Based Multidisciplinary Design J. Mech. Des. 2016;138(8):081403-081403-13. doi:10.1115/1.4033918 Illustration of GP-based model bias correction Figure Legend:

2. Date of download: 11/12/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Reduction of Epistemic Model Uncertainty in Simulation-Based Multidisciplinary Design J. Mech. Des. 2016;138(8):081403-081403-13. doi:10.1115/1.4033918 A notional multidisciplinary system with epistemic model uncertainty Figure Legend:

3. Date of download: 11/12/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Reduction of Epistemic Model Uncertainty in Simulation-Based Multidisciplinary Design J. Mech. Des. 2016;138(8):081403-081403-13. doi:10.1115/1.4033918 Flowchart of the proposed resource allocation approach Figure Legend:

4. Date of download: 11/12/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Reduction of Epistemic Model Uncertainty in Simulation-Based Multidisciplinary Design J. Mech. Des. 2016;138(8):081403-081403-13. doi:10.1115/1.4033918 The preposterior analysis Figure Legend:

5. Date of download: 11/12/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Reduction of Epistemic Model Uncertainty in Simulation-Based Multidisciplinary Design J. Mech. Des. 2016;138(8):081403-081403-13. doi:10.1115/1.4033918 Electronic packaging system Figure Legend:

6. Date of download: 11/12/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Reduction of Epistemic Model Uncertainty in Simulation-Based Multidisciplinary Design J. Mech. Des. 2016;138(8):081403-081403-13. doi:10.1115/1.4033918 Design of experiments for model bias correction in the thermal discipline: 40 experiments + 40 simulations sparsely over the six- dimensional space {x 1, x 2, x 3, x 4, y 6, y 7 }. The data points are plotted by projecting them onto {y 6, y 7 } for illustration. Figure Legend:

7. Date of download: 11/12/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Reduction of Epistemic Model Uncertainty in Simulation-Based Multidisciplinary Design J. Mech. Des. 2016;138(8):081403-081403-13. doi:10.1115/1.4033918 Comparison between the validation data and the updated emulators of (a) y 11 and (b) y 12 after model bias correction Figure Legend:

8. Date of download: 11/12/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Reduction of Epistemic Model Uncertainty in Simulation-Based Multidisciplinary Design J. Mech. Des. 2016;138(8):081403-081403-13. doi:10.1115/1.4033918 Two thousand LHS samples to explore the eight-dimensional design space x 1 –x 8 (projected onto {x 1, x 2 } for illustration), and the final selected samples for resource allocation Figure Legend:

9. Date of download: 11/12/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Reduction of Epistemic Model Uncertainty in Simulation-Based Multidisciplinary Design J. Mech. Des. 2016;138(8):081403-081403-13. doi:10.1115/1.4033918 MSSA of the selected ten input settings Figure Legend:

10. Date of download: 11/12/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Reduction of Epistemic Model Uncertainty in Simulation-Based Multidisciplinary Design J. Mech. Des. 2016;138(8):081403-081403-13. doi:10.1115/1.4033918 Preposterior analysis: comparison between the current uncertainty and the expected reduced uncertainty (calculated by taking the average of the reduced uncertainty under 500 sets of hypothetical simulation data) Figure Legend:

11. Date of download: 11/12/2016 Copyright © ASME. All rights reserved. From: Reduction of Epistemic Model Uncertainty in Simulation-Based Multidisciplinary Design J. Mech. Des. 2016;138(8):081403-081403-13. doi:10.1115/1.4033918 Locations and types of the allocated resources for y 11 and y 12 : (a) y 11, first iteration, (b) y 11, second iteration, (c) y 11, third iteration, (d) y 11, fourth iteration, (e) y 12, first iteration, (f) y 12, second iteration, (g) y 12, third iteration, and (h) y 12, fourth iteration. Data are over the six-dimensional space {x 1, x 2, x 3, x 4, y 6, y 7 } but projected onto {y 6, y 7 } for illustration. Figure Legend: