1. Chapter 2 A Scientific Approach to Psychology

2. Figure 02.F01: Bar patrons' ratings of opposite-sex based on time before closing Data from Pennebaker, J. W., Dyer, M. A., Caulkins, R. S., Litowitz, D. L., Ackerman, P. L., Anderson, D. B., & McGraw, K. M. (1979). Don't the Girls' Get Prettier at Closing Time: A country and western application to psychology. Personality and Social Psychological Bulletin, 5, 122-125.

3. Figure 02.F02: Areas of damage in the occipital lobe. Photo © Chris Gallagher/Photo Researchers, Inc. Data from Farah, M. J., Rabinowitz, C., Quinn, G. E., & Liu, G. T. (2000). Early commitment of neural substrates for face recogntion. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 17(1-3), 117-123.

4. Figure 02.F03: Results from studies can be displayed in a variety of forms. Data from Ross et al., 1999.

5. Figure 02.F03A: A: Pie Chart showing the frequency of reported stressor (adapted from Ross et al., 1999).

6. Figure 02.F03B: B: Bar graph of the same data. The horizontal (x) axis shows the categories of stressors, and the vertical (y) axis shows the frequency of reports.

7. Figure 02.F03C: C: Shows the same data but this time, the scale changed to show scores up to 200. As a result, the bars are smaller, so the impact of stressors may seem smaller.

8. Figure 02.F04: A sample, or subset, of individuals are selected at random from a larger population. © NLshop/ShutterStock, Inc.

9. Figure 02.F05: Three example scatterplots show possible associations between income and SWB, with one point for each observation of a person's income and their SWB score.

10. Figure 02.F05A: In Panel A, the correlation (r value) is close to 1.00, so each person that is higher on income is also higher on SWB score.

11. Figure 02.F05B: Panel B shows a correlation of.60, where the points are more scattered.

12. Figure 02.F05C: Panel C shows that more scatter in the pattern results in a lower correlation (r) value.

13. Figure 02.F06: Correlations can be positive and negative.

14. Figure 02.F06A: Panel A: A positive correlation is found when scores on one variable increase with scores on another.

15. Figure 02.F06B: Panel B: A negative correlation is shown, where increasing scores on one variable are matched with decreasing scores on the other.

16. Figure 02.F06C: Panel C: When two variables are unrelated, their correlation is close to zero, and there is no pattern to the spread of points in the distribution.

17. Figure 02.F07: The actual findings showing the degree of association between income and SWB scores, r = 0.20. Data from Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2008). The science of optimal happiness. Boston: Blackwell Publishing.

18. Figure 02.F08: Three scatterplots of SWB and age with correlations of 0. The correlation does not reveal any information about the shape or pattern of a distribution of scores

19. Figure 02.F09: A depiction of countries around the world with the average subjective well being score coded by color, with red as the happiest.

20. Figure 02.F10: Studies in which random assignment of subjects to conditions is not possible may still be called "experiments," but they all the components of a true experiment

21. Figure 02.F11: An experiment involves assigning participants at random to a group within the independent variable, while testing all on the dependent variable.

22. Figure 02.F12: A study found that walking through greenery improved people's mood. But if we ask people to walk "as fast as they can" the results may change.

23. Figure 02.F13: Eye movement durations of one viewer looking at the scene. The circles represent fixations (in ms) and the lines represent saccades. Data from Henderson, J. M. (2003). Human gaze control during real-world scene perception. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 7(11), 498-505.

24. Figure 02.F14: Measures of central tendency shown on a frequency distribution.

25. Figure 02.F15: Scores from 2 quizzes demonstrate that data with the same mean can have a different variation. Notice: the red group's data is much more spread out.

26. Figure 02.F16: Example distribution showing two "modes," or a bimodal distribution.

27. Figure 02.F17: The normal curve has a specific distribution where certain percentages of scores fall within 1, 2, or 3 standard deviations.

28. Figure 02.F18: Walkers who were mostly indoors had a lower mean mood rating (in blue) than walkers out in nature (shown in red). Notice: the variance was very similar. Data from Nisbet, E. K., & Zelenski, J. M. (2011). Underestimating nearby nature: Affective forecasting errors obscure the happy path to sustainability. Psychological Science, 22(9), 1101-1106.

29. Figure 02.F19A: Panel A: Performance on a spatial reasoning task improved more after listening to Mozart's music for a brief period. Note that the scale begins at "5. Adapted from Rauscher, F., Shaw, G., & Ky, K. (1993). Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365, 611.

30. Figure 02.F19B: If the scale began 0, as in Panel B, the small size of the "Mozart Effect" is more apparent. Adapted from Rauscher, F., Shaw, G., & Ky, K. (1993). Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365, 611.

31. Figure 02.F20: PET brain scan of a schizophrenic patient. © D. Silbersweig/Photo Researchers, Inc.

32. Figure 02.VOA © enjoynz/iStockphoto

33. Figure 02.VOB © dondesigns/iStockphoto

34. Figure 02.VOC © enjoynz/iStockphoto

35. Figure 02.VOD © pirateink/iStockphoto

36. Figure 02.VOE © enjoynz/iStockphoto

37. Figure 02.VOF © rangepuppies/iStockphoto

38. Figure 02.VOG © A-Digit/iStockphoto

39. Figure 02.VOH © bortonia/iStockphoto

40. Table 02.T01: Reports of stress from 100 college students Adapted from Ross, S. E., Niebling, B. C., & Heckert, T. M. (1999). Sources of stress among college students. College Student Journal, 33(2). 312–318.

41. Table 02.T02_1: Satisfaction with Life Scale Source: Data from Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2008). The science of optimal happiness. Boston: Blackwell Publishing.

42. Table 02.T02_2: Satisfaction with Life Scale Source: Data from Diener, E., & Biswas-Diener, R. (2008). The science of optimal happiness. Boston: Blackwell Publishing.

43. Table 02.T03: Examples of Behavioral Measures in Psychology Studies

44. Table 02.T04: Comparison of Research Methods

45. Table 02.T05: Example of Standard Deviation in Two Samples

46. Figure 02.UN03: Jane Goodall, the world's foremost authority on chimpanzees. © Attila JANDI/ShutterStock, Inc.

47. Figure 02.UN06: The frequency of each category observed is shown as a bar; then, the shape of the tops of the bars are smoothed into a line drawing. © Ersin Kurtdal/ShutterStock, Inc.