1. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Chapter 01 History and Trends of Health Care

2. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1:1 History of Health Care Some treatment methods used today are from ancient times Herbs utilized in the past for both food and medicine are found in medications today

3. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ancient Times Illness and disease were believed to be caused by evil spirits and demons or as punishment from the gods Health records were first recorded by the ancient Egyptians

4. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ancient Times Chinese believed in the need to cure the spirit and nourish the body Hippocrates and other physicians in ancient Greece established the importance of diet and cleanliness in preventing illness and disease

5. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Ancient Times Romans implemented use of sewers for waste and aqueducts (waterways) for clean water In ancient times causes of disease had not been discovered and many illnesses were fatal Average life span of 20 to 35 years

6. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Dark Ages and Middle Ages Interest in the medical practices of Greeks and Romans In the 1300s an epidemic of bubonic plague killed nearly 75% of the population of Europe and Asia Average life span of 20 to 35 years

7. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The Renaissance Rebirth of the science of medicine Human dissection to view body organs Printing press allowed publication of medical books Causes of disease were still a mystery Average life span of 30 to 40 years

8. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries Knowledge of human body greatly increased Invention of microscope Apothecaries (early pharmacists) made, prescribed, and sold medications Smallpox vaccine discovered Average life span of 40 to 50 years

9. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The 19th Century Industrial Revolution – Development of machines – Major progress in medical science Invention of stethoscope, nurse training programs Infection control Average life span of 40 to 65 years

10. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The 20th Century Rapid growth in health care X-rays, medicines, and vaccines to prevent disease developed The structure of DNA and research in gene therapy (ongoing today) Health care plans

11. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The 20th Century First open-heart surgery in 1950s Computer technology in every aspect of health care Unlimited possibilities for medical science in the future Average life span of 60 to 80 years

12. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. The 21st Century Human Genome Project Embryonic stem cell and cloned cell research Threat of bioterrorism with the use of biologic agents as weapons Viruses that can cause pandemics

13. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. 1:2 Trends in Health Care: Cost Containment Control rising cost of health care and achieve maximum benefit for every dollar spent Reasons for increasing costs – Technological advances – Aging population – Health-related lawsuits

14. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cost Containment Methods – Diagnostic related groups (DRGs) – Reduced reimbursement for HAC – Value-based compensation – Combination of services – Outpatient services

15. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Cost Containment Methods – Mass or bulk purchasing – Early intervention and preventive services – Energy conservation

16. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Home Health Care Industry grew rapidly when DRGs were initiated Services provided in a patient ’ s home Trend is a return to home care of earlier years Form of cost containment

17. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Geriatric Care Care for the elderly Percentage of elderly population growing rapidly Baby boomers entering geriatric age Need for more and different types of facilities

18. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. OBRA Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA) of 1987 Federal regulation for long-term care and home health care States must establish training and competency evaluation programs for nursing/geriatric assistants

19. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. OBRA States must maintain a registry of qualified individuals Requires compliance with patients’ and residents’ rights States must establish guidelines so that these rights are observed/enforced

20. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Telemedicine Use of video, audio, and computers to provide medical/health care services Decreases need for medical center visits Decreases need for home health visits Telemedicine will be important to health care delivery in the future

21. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Wellness State of optimum health Balance between physical, social, and mental health Focus on disease prevention and quality of life – Saves costs Exercise, nutrition, weight control, and healthy living habits

22. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Wellness Physical wellness Emotional wellness Social wellness Mental and intellectual wellness Spiritual wellness

23. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Wellness Holistic health care – Treats the whole body, mind, and spirit – Each person is unique and has different needs – Uses many methods to diagnose and treat – Emphasis on protection and restoration – Promotes body ’ s natural healing powers – Health care worker respects patient choice

24. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Complementary and Alternative Methods of Health Care Complementary therapies: used in conjunction with conventional therapies Alternative therapies: used in place of biomedical therapies Integrative health care: uses mainstream and CAM therapies in treatment

25. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Complementary and Alternative Methods of Health Care Holistic approach – Belief that effect on one part affects whole person Based on belief that the person has a life force or energy that can be used in the healing process May vary by cultural values or beliefs

26. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of CAM Practitioners Ayurvedic Chinese medicine Chiropractors Homeopaths Hypnotists Naturopaths

27. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Types of Therapies Refer to Table 1-8 in text Most are noninvasive and holistic Often less expensive than traditional treatments National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine established in 1992

28. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pandemic Disease outbreak over a wide geographic area affecting high proportion of population WHO concern about influenza pandemics – H5N1: avian flu – H1N1: swine flu Viruses can mutate and exchange genetic information

29. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pandemic 2014 widespread epidemic of Ebola virus Highly infectious and spread by direct contact with bodily secretions Brought about issuance of very strict transmission-based guidelines of infection control

30. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pandemic Government plans – Education – Vaccine production – Antiviral drugs – Developing protective public health measures – International cooperation

31. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Pandemic Increased concern for drug-resistant bacteria – MRSA – VRE – CRA – MRAB

32. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Biotechnologies Use of genetic or biochemical processes to create products or processes for specific use Genomics analyzes the study and structure of genes known to cause disease Treatment can be based upon a person’s genetic makeup

33. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Biotechnologies Genetic testing to check for presence of inherited genes known to cause disease Pharmacogenomics using drugs specified to a person’s genetic makeup Proteomics study of the structure and function of proteins

34. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Biotechnologies Stem cell research – Cells that can become any type of specialized cell in the body – May be used to replace defective cells Nanotechnology techniques to manipulate atoms and molecules to create materials and medical devices

35. Copyright © 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part. Conclusion Health care has changed and will continue to change Workers must be constantly aware of changes that occur Workers must make every attempt to learn about trends