1. The NUCLEUS and Cell Functions Chapter 4

2. 4.1 The Function of the Nucleus within the Cell Animal Cells Animal cells are equipped with many structures that allow the cell to perform a variety of functions.

3. Cell Parts and Organelles Plant Cells Plant cells are equipped with some structures that animal cells do not have. CAN YOU IDENTIFY HOW PLANT CELLS DIFFER FROM ANIMAL CELLS?

4. Cell Parts and Organelles Animal and PLANT Cell Parts nucleus - controls all cell activities nucleolus - membrane-free organelle that makes ribosomes nuclear membrane - protects the contents of the nucleus nuclear pores - openings in the nuclear membrane that allow only certain materials to pass

5. Cell Parts and Organelles Animal and PLANT Cell Parts cell membrane - thin covering that controls the flow of materials in and out of the cell. cytoplasm - jelly-like substance contains the organelles (specialized cell parts)

6. Cell Parts and Organelles Animal and PLANT Cell Parts mitochondria - provide energy for cells endoplasmic reticulum - membrane-covered channels that act as a transport system for materials made in the cell ribosomes - manufacturing plants for proteins

7. Cell Parts and Organelles Animal and PLANT Cell Parts vesicles - vesicles transport new proteins to the Golgi body. Golgi body - sorts and packages proteins for transport vacuoles - membrane-bound storage containers

8. Cell Parts and Organelles ANIMAL organelles NOT found in PLANTS lysosomes – small vesicles which have enzymes and that are used for digestion centrioles - small structures use to pull chromosomes apart during cell division

9. Cell Parts and Organelles PLANT organelles NOT found in ANIMALS chloroplasts - trap energy from Sun to make glucose, food for the plant cell wall - tough, rigid structure that surrounds cell membrane, provides protection and structural support large vacuoles - plant cells are equipped with a large vacuole for storing water

10. The Nucleus and DNA  The nucleus contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA is the molecule that has the master set of instructions for how cells function, what they will produce, and when they will die. Structure of DNA  DNA looks like a twisted ladder - two strands wrap around each other in a spiral shape.  The sides of the DNA ladder are made of sugar and phosphate.  The steps of the ladder are made of four nitrogen bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T).  The bases join in a specific way  A always joins with T  G always joins with C

11. DNA Structure

12. DNA MOLECULAR STRUCTURE

13. DNA in the Nucleus  Most of the time DNA is in the form of chromatin.  Chromatin coils tightly into X-shaped chromosomes.  Every organism has a specific number of chromosomes.  Human cells have 46 chromosomes arranged in 23 pairs.  The 23rd pair determines sex; XX for females and XY for males.

14. Genes  Genes are small segments of DNA located on a chromosome.  Genes store the information needed to produce proteins.  Each chromosome can carry thousands of genes.  All your body cells have the same genes, but only specific genes are “read” in each cell to produce specific proteins.  Specialized proteins called enzymes and hormones carry out important specific functions in the body.

15. Production of Proteins Protein production in the cell involves several important steps: 1. The nucleus receives a chemical signal to make a specific protein. 2. The DNA message for the protein is copied into a small molecule called RNA. 3. RNA leaves the nucleus through a nuclear pore. 4. The RNA message is delivered to a ribosome, the ribosome makes the protein. 5. The manufactured protein enters the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). 6. A vesicle forms at the end of the ER, and carries the protein to the Golgi body. 7. The Golgi body repackages the protein for transport out of the cell. 8. A vesicle forms off the end of the Golgi body to carry the protein to the cell membrane. 9. The vesicle attaches to the cell membrane, and its protein contents are released out of the cell.

16. Making the Protein

17. Exporting the Protein

18. Why do we need proteins?  50% of your body mass is made of proteins  Everything from nails, hair, skin, muscles, blood, hormones, enzymes, bones, and even chemicals in the brain.  Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins and we get our amino acids from many different sources of protein. Can you think of any good sources of protein in our diets?

19. SOURCES OF PROTEIN MEATS, GRAINS, NUTS, LEGUMES, DAIRY

20. Some important proteins in our body Structural: Collagen under skin Keratin in our skin Elastin in our tendons Actin and myosin in muscles Functional: Immunoglobulins to fight infection (antibodies) Hemoglobin to carry oxygen Hormones like adrenalin and insulin Enzymes like maltase, trypsin, amylase for digesting food Melanin to make our skin darker (pigment) to protect from UV rays Section 4.1 Quiz