1. THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM and THE HEART 1

2. INTRODUCTION The circulatory system consists of the blood, heart, and blood vessels. The heart is the pump that circulates the blood through an estimated 60,000 miles of blood vessels. The study of the heart and diseases associated with it is known as cardiology. The purpose of the circulatory system is to transport oxygen to the cells and remove the waste product carbon dioxide. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 2

3. Open and Closed In open circulatory systems, blood moves through vessels and then into open spaces around the body organs (most mollusks and simpler phyla) In closed circulatory systems, blood is always inside blood vessels or the heart (mammals, humans, birds) Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 3

4. Location of the heart The heart is situated between the lungs with about two- thirds of its mass to the left of the midline. It is about the size of your closed fist. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 4

5. The Heart Four chambers 2 upper atria (right and left atrium): have thin walls to send blood to the ventricles 2 lower ventricles (right and left): have thick walls to send blood to lungs and the body Note: the LEFT ventricle is on the LEFT side of your body, and the RIGHT side of the picture Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 5

6. Right Atrium Blood from the body returns to the heart and goes into the right atrium. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 6

7. Right Ventricle Blood from the right atrium then flows into the right ventricle Blood leaves the right ventricle through the pulmonary artery, and then goes to the lungs to get oxygen Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 7

8. Left Atrium After blood gets oxygen from the lungs, it goes to the left atrium Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 8

9. Left Ventricle Blood from the left atrium goes to the left ventricle, which forms most of the bottom of the heart Thickest walls because it pumps blood to the whole body! Then it goes to the aorta and to the rest of the body Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 9

10. HEART VALVES Valves open and close in response to pressure changes as the heart contracts and relaxes. They make sure blood always flows the right way, and never backwards Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 10

11. Flow of Blood You breathe, then oxygen enters the body through the lungs Pulmonary veins carry it to the left atrium (red) It then goes through the left ventricle (red) The aorta pumps it into the body through arteries (red) The body uses up the oxygen (red to blue) Blood returns to the heart through veins (blue) It enters the right atrium (blue) It goes through the right ventricle (blue) Then it goes into pulmonary arteries to get more oxygen from the lungs and the process starts over (blue to red) Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 11

12. Blood Circulation Blood flow blue = deoxygenated red = oxygenated Heart  arteries  arterioles  capillaries  venules  veins  heart Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 12

13. Video Of Heart Pumping Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 13 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYWmYJNg5Jw

14. Blood pressure Blood pressure is the force that the blood exerts on the blood vessels (mm/Hg) The upper number is called the systolic pressure, and is measured as blood is pushed out of the heart (as it beats) The lower number is the diastolic pressure, and is measured just before the heart beats again 120/80 is generally considered “good” blood pressure Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 14

15. Risk Factors for Heart Disease Risk factors in heart disease: high blood cholesterol level high blood pressure cigarette smoking obesity & lack of regular exercise. Other factors include: diabetes genetic predisposition male gender high blood levels of fibrinogen (blood clotting factor) left ventricular hypertrophy Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 15

16. Desirable Levels of Blood Cholesterol for Adults TC (total cholesterol) under 200 mg/dl LDL under 130 mg/dl (bad cholesterol) HDL over 40 mg/dl (good cholesterol) Among the therapies used to reduce blood cholesterol level are exercise, diet, and drugs. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 16

17. EXERCISE AND THE HEART Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e17 A person’s cardiovascular fitness can be improved with regular exercise. Aerobic exercise (any activity that works large body muscles for at least 30 minutes, preferably 3 – 5 times per week) increases cardiac output and elevates metabolic rate. Regular exercise also decreases anxiety and depression, controls weight, and increases fibrinolytic activity.

18. Heart Disease and Disorder Chart Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 18 NameCauseSymptomsSusceptibilityTreatmentPrognosis Pericarditis Myocardial Ischemia Myocardial Infarction Heart Murmur Congestive Heart Failure Coronary Artery Disease Arrhythmias High Blood Pressure Hypertensive heart disease Aging

19. CV Project – Dance Groups of 1-4 1. Create and perform a LIVE dance that is at least 30 seconds long and shows aspects of the CV system such as anatomy, physiology, or homeostasis. 2. Write a 4 paragraph essay (one per group): A. List and describe the structures or ANATOMY of the CV system. B. List and describe the functions or PHYSIOLOGY of the CV system. C. Explain how the CV system helps your body maintain HOMEOSTASIS. D. Explain how your dance relates to the CV system. Principles of Human Anatomy and Physiology, 11e 19