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Ancient Rome Ancient Civilizations. Ancient Rome They borrowed heavily from Greek culture after it conquered Greece To the Romans, Greek art, literature,

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Presentation on theme: "Ancient Rome Ancient Civilizations. Ancient Rome They borrowed heavily from Greek culture after it conquered Greece To the Romans, Greek art, literature,"— Presentation transcript:

1 Ancient Rome Ancient Civilizations

2 Ancient Rome They borrowed heavily from Greek culture after it conquered Greece To the Romans, Greek art, literature, philosophy and scientific genius represented cultural achievement The blending of Greek and Roman tradition produced what is known as the Greco-Roman civilization

3 Ancient Rome Greco-Roman civilization is also referred to Western civilization, but it also impacted other civilizations

4 The Land and Peoples of Italy Italy is a peninsula about 750 miles long north to south The Apennine Mountains run down the middle Ideal for farming meaning large population Rome was located inland with easy access to the sea It’s position on the Mediterranean made a natural barrier was a stopping point for trade and travel

5 The Land and Peoples of Italy

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7 Indo-European peoples moved into Italy from about 1500 to 1000 B.C. One group was the Latins in the region of Latium. They spoke Latin, an Indo-European language After 800 B.C., Greeks and Etruscans moved into Italy The Greeks passed on their alphabet and artistic models for sculpture, architecture, and literature The Etruscans had more impact on early Rome’s development After 650 B.C. they controlled most of Rome and Latium The Etruscans turned Rome from a village into a city and gave the Romans their mode of dress—the toga and short cloak

8 The Land and Peoples of Italy

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10 The Roman Republic Early Rome was ruled by Etruscan kings 509 B.C.- the Romans overthrew the last Etruscan king and established a republic Republic- the leader is not a king and certain citizens have the right to vote and elect leaders. Think representative democracy! 264 B.C.- Rome had defeated the other groups of people and now controlled almost all of Italy The Romans devised the Roman Confederation Some people—especially the Latins—had full Roman citizenship Other groups were allies who controlled their local affairs but gave soldiers to Rome. Such people could become Roman citizens

11 The Roman Republic Romans believed that their success was due to three virtues: duty, courage, and discipline The Early Romans were: Good diplomats who used extended Roman citizenship and allowing states to run their own affairs Skilled, persistent soldiers and brilliant strategists They built towns throughout conquered Italy and connected them with roads, allowing soldiers to be deployed quickly In law and politics the Romans were practical and created institutions that responded effectively to problems

12 The Roman State The Romans distrusted kingship because of their experience with the Etruscan kings They built a different form of government- a republic Early Rome was divided into two groups, the patricians and the plebeians Patricians- The large landowners who formed Rome’s ruling class and could be elected to political office (Think upper class) Plebeians- Smaller landowning farmers, craftspeople, and merchants that couldn’t hold political office (Think middle class) Members of both groups were citizens and could vote Consuls-Two consuls ran the government and led the army into battle (Think of two people doing what our president does) Praetors- Directed the civil law, law applied to citizens and later non-citizens (Think judges)

13 The Roman State Roman Senate- About 300 patricians who served for life made up the original Senate At first, the Senate only gave advice, by 400 B.C. it could make laws Centuriate Assembly- An important people’s assembly that elected the consuls and praetors, and passed laws It was organized by classes based on wealth, so the wealthiest citizens always were the majority Conflict between the plebeians and patricians was very common The plebeians wanted political and social equality, especially because they fought in the army to protect Rome. 471 B.C.- a popular (voted in) assembly called the Council of the Plebeians was created Officials called Tribunes were empowered to protect the plebeians (Think police officers) By 400 B.C.- plebeians could be consuls 287 B.C.- The council of the plebs received the right to pass laws for all Rome Still, the wealthy ruling class held most of the political power

14 The Roman State

15 Roman Law One of Rome’s most important contributions was its system of law 450 B.C.- During the republic, Rome developed a system of law known as the Twelve Tables Twelve Tables- Laws that govern issues between individuals that applied to its citizens called civil law As Rome expanded however, it ruled many foreign foreigners who were not covered under civil law Gradually, a second system of law, known as the Law of Nations emerged It applied to all people under Roman rule, citizens and non citizens Later, when Rome extended citizenship across the empire, the two systems merged As Roman law developed, certain basic principles evolved and this is where the belief that laws should be applied fair and equally to all. It ideas that we recognize today: a person is innocent until proven otherwise, the accused has a right to a defense before a judge, and judges should decide cases based on evidence

16 Rome Conquers the Mediterranean Rome faced a strong power in the Mediterranean— Carthage 800 B.C.- Carthage was founded on the coast of North Africa Carthage was a Mediterranean trading power that threatened Rome’s trade 264 B.C.- The two groups began a long struggle for control of the Mediterranean First Punic War- Between Rome and Carthage Rome sent troops to Sicily The Romans knew they needed a large navy to win the war Rome defeated Carthage’s navy, and in 241 B.C. Carthage gave up its rights to Sicily and paid money to Rome Sicily became Rome’s first province (like a state in the U.S.)

17 Rome Conquers the Mediterranean Second Punic War- Carthage wanted revenge Hannibal, led Carthage in the war, which lasted from 218 to 201 B.C. To take the war to Rome, Hannibal entered Spain, moved east, and then crossed the Alps with a large army, including 6,000 horses and elephants Many soldiers and animals died during the crossing, but Rome was still under a real threat At the Battle of Cannae, Rome lost almost 40,000 men Rome raised another army Hannibal roamed throughout Italy but could not successfully attack the major cities Rome then attacked Carthage, forcing the Hannibal to return to Carthage At the Battle of Zama, Rome crushed Hannibal’s forces Spain became a Roman province, and now Rome controlled the western Mediterranean. Third Punic War- In 146 B.C., Roman soldiers sacked Carthage 50,000 men, women, and children were sold into slavery Carthage now became a Roman province 200 B.C. to 100 B.C.- Rome also conquered Macedonia and Greece and became provinces Rome now was the major power of the Mediterranean Sea

18 Rome Conquers the Mediterranean

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20 Inequality and Unrest in Rome 200 B.C.- The Senate, made up mostly of the landed aristocracy, governed Rome The Senate and political offices were increasingly controlled by a small group of wealthy, powerful families Small farmers had been the backbone of Rome’s army and state They were losing land (and power) large, wealthy landowners They formed a new urban class of landless poor, and Rome suffered economic and social unrest Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus, reform-minded aristocrats, thought the problem was the decline of the small farmer They called for laws giving the public land of the aristocrats back to the landless poor 133 B.C.- a group of senators killed Tiberius Later, his brother Gaius was killed

21 Inequality and Unrest in Rome The situation continued to get worse due to a change in the army A general named Marius recruited soldiers from among the landless poor and promised them land if they swore allegiance to him The small landowning farmers had made up the army, and their loyalty was to the state After Marius, generals became political, and individual generals gained great power Sulla was the next general to hold great political power He was given command of a war in Asia Minor The Council of the Plebeians tried to give the command to Marius 82 B.C.- Civil war broke out, and Sulla won by marching his army into Rome and taking power Sulla restored power to the Senate and took away most of the powers of the popular assemblies to try to restore the republic of old Taking power through the military (called a coup) became standard in the later years of the Republic

22 The Collapse of the Republic 82 to 31 B.C.- Many civil wars in Rome Three men—Crassus, Pompey, and Julius Caesar—eventually came out on top Crassus was wealthy and the other two were military commanders and heroes 60 B.C.- They combined their power to form the First Triumvirate Triumvirate- A government by three people with equal power Each man had a military command Crassus was killed and the Senate decided that rule by Pompey alone would be best The Senate ordered Julius Caesar to give up his command He refused and kept his loyal army and moved close to Rome by illegally crossing the Rubicon River Our expression “to cross the Rubicon” means unable to return

23 The Collapse of the Republic 47 B.C. - Caesar defeated Pompey and became dictator Dictator- An absolute ruler Caesar knew Rome needed reforms and gave land to the poor and expanded the Senate to 900 He filled the Senate with his supporters and weakened its power 44 B.C.- Caesar would be assassinated by a group of leading senators

24 The Collapse of the Republic Octavian, Antony, and Lepidus formed the Second Triumvirate after Caesar’s death Soon, however, Octavian and Antony divided the Roman world between themselves: Octavian took the west and Antony took the east They came into conflict Antony allied with Egypt’s queen Cleopatra VII 31 B.C. - Octavian defeated them at the Battle of Actium Both fled to Egypt and committed suicide a year later The Roman Republic ended A new period of Roman history known as the Age of Augustus

25 The Age of Augustus 27 B.C.- Octavian proclaimed “the restoration of the Republic” He gave only some power to the Senate and became Rome’s 1 st emperor The Senate awarded him the title of Augustus, or “the revered one.” Augustus was popular even though the army was his chief source of power The Senate gave him the title of imperator, or commander in chief We get our word “emperor” from this word Augustus had an army of 28 legions of 5,000 troops each Only citizens could be in the legions Others could serve in auxiliary forces, which numbered around 130,000 under Augustus He also established the praetorian guard of 9,000 men to protect the emperor Augustus stabilized Rome’s frontiers and conquered new areas German warriors wiped out three Roman legions The defeat taught Augustus that Rome’s power was limited, a fact that bothered him

26 The Early Empire A.D. 14 to 180- Called the Early Empire After Augustus, the emperor was allowed to pick his successor from his family, adopted or natural The first four emperors after Augustus were from his family: Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius, and Nero The emperor gained more power and became more corrupt Nero, for example, had anyone he wanted out of his way simply killed, including his own mother Lacking an army, the Senate could not oppose Nero His legions finally revolted against him, and he committed suicide 2 nd Century- A series of 5 so-called good emperors led Rome: Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius Pax Romana – the “Roman Peace”- A time of peace and prosperity that lasted for almost 100 years The good emperors stopped random executions, respected the ruling class, and maintained peace They took more power from the Senate; officials appointed and directed by the emperor ran the government They adopted capable men into their families as successors Some instituted programs to help the people, such as helping the poor to educate their children, and some oversaw widespread building projects of aqueducts, bridges, roads, and harbors

27 The Early Empire Rome at first expanded further during the early Empire Under Trajan, Roman rule went into Dacia (Romania), Mesopotamia, and the Sinai Peninsula Hadrian realized that the empire was getting too large to rule, however, and withdrew troops from Mesopotamia and became defensive along Rome’s frontiers He strengthened fortifications between the Rhine and Danube Rivers He also built a wall (Hadrian’s Wall) in northern Britain to keep out the Scots Defending the empire became increasingly difficult 2 nd Century- the Roman Empire covered about 3.5 million square miles Its population probably was over 50 million The imperial government helped unify the empire by acknowledging local customs and granting Roman citizenship A.D. 212- the emperor Caracalla gave Roman citizenship to all free people in the empire Cities were important in the spread of Roman culture, Roman law, and the Latin language in the western part of the empire Greek was spoken in the east The mixture of Roman and Greek culture that resulted from the Roman Empire’s spread is called the Greco-Roman civilization

28 The Early Empire

29 The Early Empire was prosperous Internal peace helped trade grow Trade went beyond the empire’s frontiers, even including silk goods from China Large amounts of grain were imported to feed the poor and luxury items came in for the rich Farming remained the basis of Rome’s prosperity and the work of most of the people Landed estates called latifundia dominated farming Largely slave labor raised sheep and cattle on these estates There were many small peasant farms as well There also was a huge gap between rich and poor in Roman society Small farmers often depended on the huge estates of the wealthy, who lived extravagant lives Many poor lived in the cities Thousands of unemployed people depended on the emperor’s handouts of grain to survive

30 The Early Empire

31 The Roman Family The Roman family was headed by the paterfamilias, the dominant male The household also included his wife, sons with their wives and children, unmarried daughters, and slaves Unlike the Greeks, the Romans raised their children at home All upper-class Roman children learned to read Teachers often were Greek slaves because prospering in the empire required knowing both Greek and Latin Roman boys learned reading and writing, moral principles, family values, law, and physical training Roman males ended their childhood at 16 with a special ceremony They exchanged their purple-edge togas for the white toga of manhood Some upper-class girls were educated privately or in primary schools At the time the boys entered secondary schools and Roman girls were getting married Like the Greeks, Roman males believed the weakness of women made it necessary for them to have male guardians

32 The Roman Family The paterfamilias usually was the guardian and also arranged the marriages of his daughters The legal minimum age for girls to marry was 12, though 14 was more common The age for boys was 14 Divorce was introduced in the third century B.C. and was easy to obtain Both men and women could sue for divorce 2 nd Century A.D.- the paterfamilias no longer had complete authority in the family For example, he could not sell his children into slavery or have them put to death Women increasingly were not required to have a male guardian Upper-class women could own, sell, and inherit property Unlike Greek wives, Roman wives were not segregated from men in the home Outside the home women could attend the races, the theater, and events in the amphitheater In the latter two places they had their own seating section and women could not participate directly in politics

33 Slavery No people relied on slavery as much as the Romans Before the 3rd century B.C., even a small Roman farmer would have one or two slaves, the wealthy had more. As Rome conquered the Mediterranean area, large numbers of war captives were brought to Italy as slaves Greeks were prized as tutors, musicians, doctors and artists Slaves worked in shops, kept house, waited tables, were personal servants, and made crafts They built roads and public buildings Conditions often were pitiful

34 Slavery One Roman writer argued that it was cheaper to work slaves to death and replace them than to care for them Masters feared slave revolts Punishments were harsh: the murder of a master by a slave might mean all the remaining household’s slaves would be killed The most famous slave revolt in Italy was led by the gladiator Spartacus in 73 B.C. 70,000 slaves joined up with Spartacus, and they defeated several Roman armies before being defeated themselves in 71 B.C. Spartacus was killed and thousands of his followers were crucified

35 Daily Life in Rome Rome had the largest population of any city in the empire, close to 1 million by the time of Augustus Rome was overcrowded and noisy Wagons and carts were banned during the day, but their noise at night made sleeping difficult Even though Augustus organized a police force, Rome could be dangerous One also might be soaked by the filth thrown from the windows of one of Rome’s huge apartment buildings The poor lived in apartment blocks called insulae As tall as six stories, these badly constructed buildings often collapsed

36 Daily Life in Rome

37 Fires were a constant threat and hard to put out 64 A.D.- Nero “fiddled as Rome burned”- Great Fire of Rome

38 Daily Life in Rome High rents forced entire families to live in one room The apartments did not have plumbing or central heating These uncomfortable conditions made many Romans spend most of their time in the street Rome was adorned with unequaled public buildings, such as baths, temples, theaters, and markets Beginning with Augustus, the city’s two hundred thousand poor received free grain from the emperor The people were entertained by grand public spectacles and entertainments The most popular were the gladiatorial contests, in which animals, slaves, and condemned criminals would fight to the death Horse and chariot races at the Circus Maximus were also popular, as were dramatic performances

39 Daily Life in Rome

40 Poetry Epics- long, narrative poems Satire- to make fun of something

41 Philosophy Romans borrowed much of their philosophy from the Greeks Stoics-stressed the importance of duty and acceptance of one’s fate and showed concern for the well-being of people

42 Art Realism-portraying their subjects or world as it is A statue of a soldier, a writer or an emperor might capture an expression of smugness, discontent or pride Idealism-transforming something to be more ideal Sculptors transformed Augustus who was neither handsome nor impressive to be a symbol of power and leadership Romans beautified their homes with works of art Artists depicted scenes from Roman literature and daily life in frescoes and mosaics-picture made for chips of colored stone or glass

43 Architecture Immense palaces, temples, and stadiums stood as mighty monuments to Roman power and dignity The Colosseum was ancient Rome’s largest stadium Its floors were about the size of a modern day football field packing 50,000 people They could crowd into the marble and wooden benches and be protected by the sun by giant canvas roof Shows were put on at the Colosseum where spectators watched the slaughter of exotic animals, gladiator battling to death, and mock naval battles

44 Architecture

45 The Romans improved on devices such as the column and the arch Using concrete as a building material, they developed the rounded dome to roof large spaces The most significant dome structure is the Pantheon, a temple to all the Roman gods which still stands in Rome

46 Romanesque Architecture Romanesque ("Roman-like") was first used to designate a style of architecture that used Roman arches and had thick, heavy walls, based upon the basilica (a large public building) Characteristics of Romanesque Architecture: Thick walls Broad, rather than steep roofs Small windows – not much natural light Roman arches or square top entrances, windows D. In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, an explosion of building in medieval Europe, especially of churches, took place. Initially, these cathedrals were in the Romanesque style, built in the basilica shape favored in the late Roman Empire. The Romanesque basilica was topped with a long, round, stone arched structure called a barrel vault. E. Because stone roofs were so heavy, the churches needed massive pillars and had little space for windows. The Romanesque churches, therefore, were dark and resembled fortresses. F. In the twelfth century the new, Gothic style appeared. The Gothic cathedral is one of the artistic triumphs of the High Middle Ages. Two innovations made it possible. G. One innovation was replacing the barrel vault with ribbed vaults and pointed arches. The Gothic cathedrals rose higher, therefore, creating an impression of the building reaching towards God. H. The other innovation was the flying buttress—a heavy, arched, stone support on the outside of the building. This distributed the weight of the church’s vaulted ceilings and eliminated the think heavy walls of the Romanesque style. Since Gothic cathedrals had fairly thin walls, they could have windows, which were filled with magnificent stained glass. The windows also created a play of natural light inside the cathedral; natural light was believed to be a symbol of the divine light of God. I. With its soaring towers and light-filled interior, the Gothic cathedral testifies to an age when most people believed in a spiritual world.

47 Churches were later designed with purpose in mind

48 St. Sernin: Toulouse 1080 - 1120

49 Radiating Chapels

50 Sainte-Foy is one of the earliest surviving examples of a Romanesque style pilgrimage church

51 Saint Foy - Apse, Transept, and Bell Tower

52 The Pantheon in Rome

53 Side View - Pantheon

54 The Dome of the Pantheon

55 Gothic Architecture Gothic (relating to the Middle Ages or barbarian) Style allowed for high walls, allowing larger windows, more light. Characteristics of Gothic Architecture: Tall windows Byzantine or pointed arches Tall buildings Steep roofs Very ornate (decorated) Extensive use of stained glass Buttresses and flying buttresses

56 St. George’s Chapel at Windsor Castle - England

57 The Difference Between Romanesque and Gothic Architecture

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59 Flying Buttresses

60 Extensive Stained Glass

61 The Stained Glass at Opera Duomo Cathedral, Siena, Italy

62 Chartres Cathedral

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64 The Doors of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore in Florence, Italy

65 Gothic Architecture in Siena, Italy

66 City Hall, Siena, Italy

67 Technology and Science The Romans excelled in engineering- the application of science and mathematics to develop useful structures and machines Roman engineers built roads, bridges, harbors, throughout the empire Roman roads were so solidly built that many of them were still used after the fall of the empire Roman engineers also built aqueducts-bridge like stone structures that brought water from the hills into Roman cities

68 Technology and Science Almost every city boasted with bath and people gathered not only to wash themselves but to hear the latest news and gossip Although Romans did little original research, they did put science to practical use They applied geography to make maps and medical knowledge to help doctors improve public health Pliny the Elder, a Roman scientist, compiled volumes on geography, zoology, botany, and other topics

69 Rome’s Impact Rome helped preserve Greek ideas and added their own ideas to develop Greco-Roman society The Roman Republic gave the modern U.S. our national government system and served as an example for others as well Rome’s legions served as an example to organize militaries Rome’s engineering capabilities made an impact on architecture as well as roads, bridges, and aqueducts needed to connect a large area


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