2. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Physical Development and Health in Middle Childhood Chapter 12

3. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Guideposts for Study 1.What are normal growth patterns during middle childhood, and how can abnormal growth be treated? 2.What are some nutritional and oral health concerns for school-age children?

4. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Guideposts for Study 3. What gains in motor skills typically occur at this age, and what kinds of play do boys and girls engage in? 4. What are the principal health and fitness concerns in middle childhood, and what can adults do to make the school years healthier and safer?

5. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Growth and Physiological Development Height and Weight growth in height and weight during middle childhood slows considerably African American boys and girls tend to grow faster than white children the body's failure to produce enough growth hormone  growth deficiency

6. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Growth and Physiological Development Nutrition and Oral Health Children need, on average, 2,400 calories every day Nutritionists recommend plenty of grains, fruits, and vegetables, which are high in natural nutrients Most adult teeth arrive with primary teeth beginning to fall out at about age 6 years

7. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Growth and Physiological Development Obesity and Body Image Obesity=body mass index, or BMI (weight in comparison with height) in the 95th percentile The proportion of children ages 6 to 17 who are obese more than doubled between 1981 and 1991

8. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Growth and Physiological Development Obesity and Body Image Obesity often results from an inherited tendency, aggravated by too little exercise and too much, or the wrong kinds of, food Environment is influential since children model the eating habits of people around them Inactivity may be a major factor

9. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Can you… Discuss why childhood obesity has increased, how it can affect adult health, and how it can be treated?

10. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Growth and Physiological Development Why Treat Childhood Obesity? Obese children often suffer emotionally because of taunts from peers They tend to become overweight adults,  high blood pressure, heart disease, orthopedic problems, and diabetes Over-concern with body image can  eating disorders, especially among girls

11. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Motor Development and Physical Play Rough and Tumble Play= vigorous play, such as wrestling, kicking, tumbling, grappling, and sometimes chasing, often accompanied by laughing and screaming. Peaks in middle childhood Universal type of play, since it takes place childhood through adolescence in many diverse countries

12. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Motor Development and Physical Play Organized Sports= organized athletic programs Gender Differences in Motor Skills Boys spend twice as much time on team sports as girls do many girls lack the confidence or motivation to participate

13. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Health and Safety Maintaining Health and Fitness Exercise promotes health and fitness Participation in a variety of competitive and recreational sports, i.e. tennis, bowling,  a lifetime fitness regimen Development of vaccines for major childhood illnesses has improved health

14. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Health and Safety Medical Problems: Acute medical conditions=occasional, short-term conditions, such as infections, allergies, and warts Upper-respiratory illnesses, sore throats, strep throats, and ear infections decrease with age; but acne, headaches, and transitory emotional disturbances increase

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Health and Safety Medical Problems: Chronic medical conditions=physical, developmental, behavioral, and/or emotional conditions requiring special health services Socioeconomic status and ethnicity play an important part in children's health Children with chronic conditions tend to be remarkably resilient

16. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Health and Safety Vision and Hearing Problems Most children in middle childhood have keener vision than when they were younger Almost 13 percent of children under 18 are blind or have impaired vision About 15 percent of 6- to 19-year-olds, mostly boys, have some hearing loss

17. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Health and Safety Stuttering: Stuttering=involuntary, frequent repetition or prolongation of sounds or syllables Often interferes with social functioning Possible Causes=faulty training in articulation and breathing, problems with brain functioning, parental pressures to speak properly or deep-seated emotional conflicts

18. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Health and Safety Asthma=a chronic respiratory disease Apparently allergy-based Characterized by sudden attacks of coughing, wheezing, and difficulty in breathing It can be fatal Asthmatics miss more school than those with other chronic illnesses

19. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Health and Safety HIV and AIDS = human immuno- deficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome Children infected with HIV are at high risk to develop AIDS Most children infected with HIV who reach school age, function normally Children with the AIDS virus do not need to be isolated, either for their own health or for that of other children

20. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Medical evidence shows virtually no evidence that children with HIV infection who are symptom-free can transmit the virus to others except through bodily fluids. Yet many parents are afraid to have their children go to school with a child who is HIV-positive. Can you suggest ways to deal with this problem?

21. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Health and Safety Accidental Injuries Injuries increase between ages 5 and 14 As in early childhood, accidental injuries are the leading cause of death Parents, and children themselves, tend to overestimate their safety skills Protective headgear lowers injuries in activities such as football, roller skating, etc.

22. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display Can you… Distinguish between acute and chronic medical conditions, and discuss how chronic conditions can affect everyday life? Identify factors that increase the risks of accidental injury?