1. Inequalities in
Health:
Lifestyle Factors

2. L.I. To understand the impact of lifestyle choices on health
Success Criteria
Provide evidence that lifestyle choices impact on health
Poor diet
Lack of physical activity
Smoking
Alcohol
Draw conclusions on the extent to which lifestyle choices affect health
Begin to make connections between lifestyle choices and socio-economic factors

3. Obesity Exercise Diet & Smoking, drinking and drugs
Lifestyle and Health
A person’s lifestyle is believed to have a significant effect on their health.
Lifestyle factors include:
Exercise
Obesity
Diet
&
Smoking, drinking
and drugs

4. Diet

5. What is a ‘healthy diet’?
Government recommendations:
Controlled amounts of fat, salt and sugar
At least 5 portions of fruit and vegetables a day
2500 calories a day for men and 2000 calories women

6. Scotland's Diet The James Report (1993) The average Scottish diet is:
deficient in fibre and certain vitamins
deficient in fruit and vegetables
too high in sugar
too high in salt
too high in saturated fat.
Scotland's Diet

7. (un)Healthy eating in Scotland
Just 22% of men and 23% of women met the “5 a day” target
The mean daily salt intake for adults was 16% higher than the recommended maximum
The average adult man in Scotland consumes more than 54,000 excess calories every year and the average woman consumes more than 33,000 excess calories per year
Scottish Health Survey 2011
By how many calories are Scottish men and women overeating per day, on average?

8. Physical activity

9. What does the Scottish Government recommend?
At least half an hour of “moderate” physical activity, on all or most days of the week

10. Lack of physical activity
Notice the existence of a “north-south divide”

11. Benefits to Health of Regular Exercise
25% of strokes could be avoided and there could be a 20% reduction in mortality after a heart attack, if regular exercise was taken
Yet, according to the Scottish Health Survey 2011
67% of women
55% of men
do not get enough regular exercise
and there has been no significant improvement in activity levels since 2008
''Sport for All'' campaigns

12. poor diet lack of exercise
Poor diet and lack of exercise have resulted in rising levels of obesity
poor diet
High fat content – we eat 50% more fat than in 1960
lack of exercise
Energy imbalance
Energy expenditure amongst children has decreased by 800 calories a day since the 1950s
Not only are Britons getting heavier, they are getting heavier younger.

13. Obesity
Obesity is calculated by a person’s body mass index – BMI – weight in kg divided by height in m2
BMI = weight in kg
height in m2
BMI > 25 = overweight
BMI > 30 = obese

14. Obesity Obesity in the UK
In Scotland 69% of men and 59% of women are classified as overweight (2012) and 27% of adults are obese (2011)
The rate of obesity in 1995 was just 17%

15. Obesity International Comparison (2009)

16. Percent of children who are of healthy weight (Scottish Health Survey 2011)

17. Link between excess weight and ill health
Obesity
Link between excess weight and ill health
Being overweight can lead to a variety of health problems.
These include:
high blood pressure
coronary heart disease
osteoarthritis
Diabetes
Cancer
Direct costs to the NHS related to obesity are estimated at £5.1bn per year in England and Wales and £175m in Scotland

18. Link between excess weight and ill health

19. Smoking 23% of adults in Scotland smoke (down from 28% in 2003)
Rates are similar for men and women (24% vs. 22%) but on average, women smoke fewer cigarettes per day

20. Smoking and health
Tobacco smoking is a known or probable cause of approx 25 diseases
Also contributes to, or aggravates, other health conditions
Smoking causes 13,500 deaths a year in Scotland – that's 24% of all deaths
Smokers also die younger – 10 years younger, on average, than those who have never smoked
Smokers in their 30s and 40s are five times more likely to have a heart attack than non smokers

21. Smoking and cancer Lung cancer is the most common cancer in the UK
90% of lung cancers are smoking related and smokers are 21 times more likely to die from the disease
Also linked to other cancers
Oral, uterine, liver… etc

22. Smoking and children
Smoking in pregnancy increases the chances of miscarriage and is associated with low birth weight
Smoking by parents following birth is linked to sudden infant death syndrome and infant respiratory illness such as bronchitis, asthma and pneumonia
19% of pregnant women in Scotland smoke (down from 29% in 1995)

23. Alcohol consumption Recommended max. alcohol intake
Men: 21 units per week
Women: 14 units per week

24. Alcohol and health Most people who drink to excess are NOT alcoholics
Even so, regularly drinking too much can contribute to a range of health conditions, including:
Reduced fertility
Heart disease
Cancer of the mouth, neck, throat and breast
Liver cirrhosis
High blood pressure
Weight gain

25. Scotland’s relationship with alcohol
25% of men and 18% of women were categorized as hazardous or harmful drinkers in 2011
1 in 20 Scots die from alcohol related causes
not only from illnesses but also from accidents, assaults and road deaths in which alcohol played a part
BUT alcohol related deaths have been falling since 2003 (although total alcohol sales have gone up)

26. For you to do Summarise the impact of lifestyle choices on health
To what extent are Scotland’s lifestyle habits improving?
Create a mind map showing the factors and influences that you think shape a person’s lifestyle choices
Analysis question: To what extent is Scotland’s place as the “sick man of Europe” linked to the lifestyle choices of the people who live here?