1. Physical Memory and Physical Addressing ( Chapter 10 ) by Polina Zapreyeva

2. Memory Technologies

3. RAM SRAMDRAM circuit for one bit write enable inputoutput circuit for one bit write enable inputoutput refresh

4. RAM Static RAM simple internal structure circuits of multiple transistors high speed no need to refresh information takes more space (lower density) high power consumption generates a lot of heat very expansive Dynamic RAM confusing internal structure capacitor-like circuit lower speed needs to be constantly rewritten takes less space (higher density) low power consumption less heat generated cheap

5. Measures of Memory Technology  Density  Latency  Cycle times

6. Density Density = number of bits/ standard size chip Higher density Advantages: more memory in same physical space Disadvantages: high power consumption and great amount of heat

7. e Speed Speed is how fast the memory responds to request Performance of read (access) and write (update) operations should be considered separately.

8. Latency Latency is the time it takes to complete an operation. This is not the best measure of memory technology because it doesn’t provide complete information.

9. MemoryController Memory Controller Processor, or any other device, accesses physical memory through a hardware known as memory controller that provides an interface. Processor Memory Controller Physical Memory

10. Steps to Process Memory Request device presents a read or write request controller translates that for the memory and passes the signal for memory chips controller returns an answer controller resets hardware circuits for next operation

11. Read and Write Cycle Time Latency doesn’t count the time that controller uses to reset its circuits. A better measure of performance is cycle time. Read cycle time and write cycle time measure how quickly the memory system handles successive requests.

12. SDRAM and SSRAM Clock cycles of the processor and memory may differ. Memory controller handles this problem, but this results in delay. This problem had been fixed by synchronizing the two clocks. This resulted in two technologies: SDRAM (synchronized DRAM) and SSRAM (synchronized SRAM)

13. Multiple Data Rate Memory Technologies Fast Data Rate Memories: - Double Data Rate - Quadruple Data Rate

14. Memory Organization

15. Internal Hardware Structure Memory bus (bus) is the hardware connection between a processor and memory. processorcontroller physical memory...... parallel interface

16. Memory Transfer Size Memory transfer size is amount of data that can be read or written in a single operation. Also called word size or word width. Word is a block of memory with number of bits equal to memory transfer size. Note: Word size defines the size of standard integer and single-precision floating point.

17. Physical Addresses Word Addressing each word of memory is assigned a unique physical memory address higher performance reads or writes entire word Byte Addressing each byte of memory is assigned a unique physical memory address lower performance reads or writes single byte controller must support byte transfer

18. Physical Memory Operations always accepts or delivers entire word The controller for physical memory always accepts or delivers entire word; hardware does not provide a way to read or write less than a complete word. When reading provides and address, when writing an address and data.

19. Byte Addressing With Word Transfers To read a single byte: - convert byte address to word address - read word - extract desired byte To write a single byte: - convert byte address to word address - read word - replace desired byte - write entire word back

20. Translation of Addresses Mathematically: word address = byte address/ word size (ignore the reminder) byte offset = byte address (mod (word size))

21. Physical Address Number No computation required: Byte Address offset word address

22. Memory Banks and Interleaving Memory bank is a memory unit with own controller; application parallelism to increase performance. Can be controlled by the user. Interleaving spreading consecutive bytes of memory across separate memory modules. Often done automatically (parallelism).