1. Differential month of birth effects in the identification of special educational needs: An English study. Dr Garry Squires garry.squires@manchester.ac.uk 34th ISPA Conference 9th - 13th July, 2012, McGill University, Montreal, Canada

2. Special Educational Needs 20.9% of pupils in England have SEN (DfE, 2011) Processes are identified in the Code of Practice for SEN and embedded in education law Different levels of support are available: School Action, School Action Plus, Statement Logic – teachers notice there is a problem and adjust educational experience; close monitoring and review; progressive assessment if problems are not resolved Dr Garry Squires 20122

3. 11 Categories of SEN Moderate Learning Difficulties (MLD) Behavioural, Emotional and Social Difficulties (BESD) Specific Learning Difficulties, such as dyslexia (SpLD) Speech, Communication and Language Needs (SCLN) Autistic Spectrum Disorders (ASD) Physical Difficulties (PD) Severe Learning Difficulties (SLD) Visual Impairment (VI) Hearing Impairment (HI) Profound Multiple Learning Disability (PMLD) Multisensory Impairment (MSI) Dr Garry Squires 20123

4. SEN: an ambiguous concept 1944, 1981, 1996 Education Acts all define SEN in a circular way: “A child has a “learning difficulty” for the purposes of this Act if …. … he has a significantly greater difficulty in learning than the majority of children of his age … … or would be if special educational provision were not made for him Government monitoring of schools defines what the majority of children should attain 53% of teachers think that a child has SEN if they do not reach the expected standards (Ellis et al 2012) Increasing concern that schools are over-identifying children with SEN (OFSTED, 2010) Dr Garry Squires 20124

5. Established month of birth effect Children born at the beginning of the school year are at an advantage compared to those at the end of the year. This affects all children and has lifelong implications (Crawford et al, 2011) In countries were the start of the year is different to England, then the effect is shifted accordingly Younger children in the class tend to be identified as having SEN (Tarnowski et al, 1990; Dyson et al, 2004; Martin et al, 2004) Dr Garry Squires 20125

6. Research Questions Differential effects: Are some of the 11 types of SEN more or less affected by the month of birth? Is the month of birth effect reduced when there is more systematic assessment involving a wider range of professionals? Dr Garry Squires 20126

7. Method 346 primary schools and 73 secondary schools in 10 areas in England (part of a project to evaluate Achievement for All Pupils with SEN in Y1 (5-6), Y5 (9-10), Y7 (11- 12) and Y10 (14-15) Teachers completed on-line survey which included category of need and level of support Data collected for 15,640 pupils Dr Garry Squires 20127

8. Results: Overall pattern Dr Garry Squires 20128 N=15 640

9. Differential effect: Type of SEN, High Incidence needs Dr Garry Squires 20129

10. Differential effect: Type of SEN, Low Incidence needs Dr Garry Squires 201210

11. Differential effect: level of support Dr Garry Squires 201211

12. Differential effect – teacher:Multiprofessional diagnosis Expected ratio for school support compared to Statemented support is 10:1 Dr Garry Squires 201212 Whole SEN cohortMLD category September born August Born September born August Born School Action and School Action Plus: Statement 9.7:111.9:129.1:132.5:1

13. Implications Identification of SEN to be multi-professional (costly) Change the national system of school monitoring (politically entrenched in quasi market forces) Improve teacher training to emphasise child centred teaching rather than curriculum centred teaching Train specialist teachers in normative assessment rather than summative assessment Teacher assessment based on achievement rather than attainment Tighter definition of SEN (especially MLD) to take into account developmental age Dr Garry Squires 201213

14. Further reading Squires, G., Humphrey, N., Barlow, A. & Wigelsworth, M. (In Press) The identification of Special Educational Needs and the month of birth: differential effects of category of need and level of assessment. European Journal of Special Needs Education Squires, G. (2012). Historical and socio-political agendas around defining and including children with special educational needs. In D. Armstrong & G. Squires (Eds.), Contemporary Issues in Special Educational Needs: Considering the whole child. London: Open University/Mc Graw-Hill Education. Humphrey, N., & Squires, G. (2011). DFE-RR176: Achievement for All: National Evaluation. Final report. London: Department for Education. Dr Garry Squires 201214

15. References Crawford, C., Dearden, L., & Greaves, E. (2011). Does when you are born matter? The impact of month of birth on children’s cognitive and non-cognitive skills in England. London: Institute for Fiscal Studies & Nuffield Foundation. Crawford, C., Dearden, L., & Meghir, C. (2011). When You Are Born Matters: The Impact of Date of Birth on Child Cognitive Outcomes in England. London: The Institute for Fiscal Studies. Dyson, A., Farrell, P., Polat, F., Hutcheson, G., & Gallannaugh, F. (2004). Inclusion and Pupil Achievement. RR578. London: Department for Education and Skills. Ellis, S., Tod, J., & Graham-Matheson, L. (2012). Reflection, Renewal And Reality: Teachers’ Experience Of Special Educational Needs And Inclusion. Birmingham: NASUWT. Martin, R. P., Foels, P., Clanton, G., & Moon, K. (2004). Season of Birth Is Related to Child Retention Rates, Achievement, and Rate of Diagnosis of Specific LD. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 37(4), 307–317. OFSTED. (2010). The special educational needs and disability review: A Statement is not enough. Manchester: OFSTED. Tarnowski, K. J., Anderson, D. F., Drabman, R. S., & Kelly, P. A. (1990). Disproportionate referrals for child academic/behavior problems: Replication and extension. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 58(2), 240-243 Dr Garry Squires 201215