2. Colombia Venezuela Guyana Suriname French Guiana Brazil Paraguay Uruguay Argentina Ecuador Peru Bolivia Chile

3.  Made up of 13 countries and 3 groups:  Caribbean South America countries: Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname (su ri nama), French Guiana  Atlantic South America countries: Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina  Pacific South America countries: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile  Largest country in land area and population is Brazil

4.  One of the few continents that is crossed by the Equator and the Tropic of Capricorn  Bordered by Panama  Bordered by Atlantic Ocean, Pacific Ocean, Caribbean Sea, Southern Ocean  Size: 6,890,000 m²  4 th in area of continents (Asia, Africa, North America)  North to South 4,600 miles  East to West 3,210 miles

5.  Population: 388,000,000 (6% of world’s population)  5 th among continents (Asia, Africa, Europe, NA)  Birth Rate : 19 Death Rate: 6  Life expectancy: 73 Males: 70 Females: 75  Natives make up many areas around the Andes  Mestizos make up a major population of the continent  Majority of the population are urban  Most of the people live within 200 miles of the coast.  Vast amounts of areas where no one lives  People of African ancestry can be found in many of the Atlantic countries (Columbian Exchange/Triangle of Trade)

6. The Columbian Exchange was a widespread exchange of the animals, plants, foods, culture and human populations, diseases, and ideas between the Old World and New World.

7.  Slavery started because:  Natives of Americas were dying due to diseases brought by the Europeans  Need for workers from same climate  The Triangle of Trade: ▪ Left from Europe to Africa carrying manufactured goods, weapons, livestock, etc. ▪ Went from Africa to the Americas or Caribbean with slaves or new products ▪ From the Americas or Caribbean to Europe with sugar, tobacco, rum, rice, cotton, etc.

9.  Mighty African kings sold their captives to European slave traders for such things as: metal cookware, livestock, and weapons (that they could use to fight other tribes and gain more captives).

10.  British ships dominated the market for slaves in the Americas and supplied African captives to Dutch, French, Portuguese and Spanish colonies.  The slaves were traded for or captured by raiding parties, imprisoned at coastal forts and forced to endure a horrific voyage as human freight. At its height British ships carried some 40,000 chained men, women and children across the Atlantic each year. Many died while being captured.  The “standard space per slave” laid down by the Royal Africa Company was five foot long, 11 inches wide and 23 inches high – for a voyage lasting at least 2 months.  Around one in six of the slaves died on the journey (12- 13%). Those who survived were sold at auction into a life of brutal labor on plantations.  26% were children  In the West Indies, on average, a slave mother gave birth to 18-20 children. So many bought the slave women first.

13.  As a warning to others, those who would not eat or who physically rebelled, faced a variety of tortures designed to kill them slowly. Slaves were frequently whipped “until they could let out not even a whimper” and then left tied to the deck through the sun and rain for days.  There were even cases of entire shiploads of slaves being thrown overboard to their death so that the ship’s owners could claim them as a “loss” against their insurance policies.  Slaves who chose to reject their masters by running away could expect the lash, and, at times, the iron collar and a straitjacket. Eventually most owners took to branding their slaves with a red-hot iron that carried the mark of their owner.  Estimates on the number of Africans who lost their lives due to slavery vary between 10 and 30 million.  Slavery official ended in the 1800s.

15.  Climate: Seasons opposite from Northern Hemisphere  Climates range from wet, tropical rainy, dry desert, to cold highland  Between Tropic of Capricorn and Equator most climates are Tropical (savanna or rain forest)  Wet summers and dry winters, some prolonged droughts  Andes Mountain area has cool climate due to elevation  South of Tropic of Capricorn has cool to cold winters and cool to warm summers  Southern Chile receives heavy precipitation  “Rain Shadow Effect” affects Northern Chile causing the driest desert in the world “Atacama Desert” some portions of the desert have not received rain for almost 400 years  The same mountain range that causes the driest area also causes the wettest area “The Amazon River Basin”. The rain that should flow towards the desert flow instead into the Amazon and through Brazil.

17.  Atacama Desert of northern Chile is the world's second driest region. The Atacama lies in the rain shadow of Chile's Coast Range. The desert is completely barren and while most areas only receive moisture from an occasional fog or a shower every few decades, the rain gauges in some areas have never recorded any measurable precipitation. The Atacama is a high (most elevations are over 8000 feet) and cold desert, average temperatures range from 32° to 75° F.  Atacama Desert Atacama Desert

18.  Amazon River Basin- (a basin is a region surrounded by mountains or other higher land) is drained by the 2 nd longest river in the world “the Amazon River”  The Amazon River is about 4,195 miles long.  Carries more water than any other river. Over 20% of the earth’s water flows down the Amazon.

19.  Language: Spanish (official), English, French, Dutch, Portuguese, Indigenous  Literacy Rate: 91%  Government: Democracy Presidential and Parliamentary  Religion: 91% Catholic (why?)  Economy: Mixed, capitalism  Agr: 17% Industry: 19% Service: 64%  Per Capita (GDP): $7380  Poverty level: 34%  The Atlantic Region is the most successful

20.  Economy:  Resources: gold, copper, diamonds, silver, lead  Much of the continent depend on petroleum  Exports: coffee, bananas, sugarcane, tobacco, grains, meat, timber, materials from rain forest, and fish  Indigenous people primarily hunt and gather from the forest  Very little arable land (average 6%)  Dense forest, steep slopes, unfavorable climate, outdated farming methods and equipment  Subsistence farming (terrace farming)

21.  After Columbus came into the area other countries followed. Spain and Portugal fought over the entire area.  In 1493, Pope Alexander VI divided South America between the two countries.  Through invasion and wars, colonies were being set up by both countries within the 16 th century.  Simon Bolivar was known as the LIBERATOR. He fought the Spanish to win the independence of Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.  Almost all of the colonies had gained their independence by the 19 th century. Europe still has involvement with many of the countries.  Many of the countries have been controlled by dictators and dealt with civil unrest.

22.  Caribbean South America includes:  Colombia  Venezuela  Guyana  Suriname  French Guiana

23.  Angel Falls in Venezuela: 3723ft of uninterrupted waterfall, making it the world's highest Angel Falls  Venezuela is one of the top producers of oil in the world  Colombia (named for Columbus) is known for coffee exports, civil unrest and the shipping of illegal drugs.  French Guiana was once a penal colony until 1953 for France.  These countries do not really have seasons because they are so close to the equator.  Many of the people in this region have African descendants due to being brought over during the slave trade. (Columbia Exchange)  1966 British Guiana (Guyana)  1975 Dutch Guiana (Surinama)

24.  Atlantic South America includes:  Brazil  Paraguay  Uruguay  Argentina

25.  Region covers 2/3 of the continent  Paraguay is landlocked  Brazil alone covers ½ of the continent  World’s Largest Rain forest  Brazil is the only country in South America that Spanish in not the official language. It is Portuguese.  Brazil shares border with every country in South America except for Ecuador and Chile.  Brazil is the number 1 producer of coffee  World’s largest population of Catholics  5 th largest country in the world in both land area and population  Argentina  “Rain Shadow Effect” affects western Argentina  More people have immigrated to Argentina from Europe than any other Latin American nation.  Argentinean cowboy is a Gaucho

27.  One and one-half acres of rainforest are lost every second  Experts estimates that we are losing 137 plant, animal and insect species every single day due to rainforest deforestation. That equates to 50,000 species a year. As the rainforest species disappear, so do many possible cures for life-threatening diseases. Currently, 121 prescription drugs sold worldwide come from plant-derived sources.  The Amazon Rainforest has been described as the "Lungs of our Planet" because it provides the continuously recycling carbon dioxide into oxygen. More than 20 percent of the world oxygen is produced in the Amazon Rainforest.  More than half of the world's estimated 10 million species of plants, animals and insects live in the tropical rainforests.  Foods from the tropical rain forest include fruits like avocados, coconuts, figs, oranges, lemons, grapefruit, bananas, guavas, pineapples, mangos and tomatoes; vegetables including corn, potatoes, rice, winter squash and yams; spices like black pepper, cayenne, chocolate, cinnamon, cloves, ginger, sugar cane, coffee and vanilla and nuts including Brazil nuts and cashews. Brazil: Tropical Rain Forest

29.  The anaconda snake is also known as the water boa. The snake lives in water and swamps surrounding the Amazon and is nocturnal.  The average size of one of these snake-giants is 20 feet long and 300 pounds.  It can reach a length of 30 feet and weigh up to 550 pounds.

30.  Piranha love to eat meat. Their favorite foods include insects, plants, fish, meat, seeds, bird and carrion. The indigenous people who live near the habitat of Piranha use the teeth of piranha as weapons.  Piranhas are generally of little threat to humans, and attacks are extremely rare.

32.  Pacific South America Includes:  Ecuador  Peru  Bolivia  Chile

35. The Andes are the longest mountain range in the world, running north to south 4,200 miles. The Andes are the second highest mountain range in the world (18,000 ft.). Andes Mountains provides most of the water to the Amazon River The Andes mountains are a natural barrier in South America. They have led to more settlements on the coast due to height. Lake Titicaca: the highest navigable lake between Bolivia and Peru Friday, Oct 13, 1972 Uruguayan rugby team stranded in the Andes are forced to use desperate measures to survive after a plane crash.

37. Alpaca Andean Condor Chinchilla Llama

38.  It arose from the highlands of Peru from 1438 to 1533  In 1521, Herman Cortés conquered the Aztecs; this conquest inspired Francisco Pizarro to invade the Incas in 1531. He only had two hundred soldiers. However, he convinced the ruler of the Incas, Atahualpa, to come to a meeting. When Atahualpa arrived, Pizarro kidnapped him and killed several hundred of his family and followers. Atahualpa tried to ransom himself, but Pizarro tried to use him as a puppet ruler. When that failed, Pizarro simply executed him in 1533.  Over the next thirty years the Spanish struggled against various up risings, but, with the help of native allies, they finally gained control of the Inca empire in the 1560's.

39.  They built roads through the mountains from Ecuador to Chile with tunnels and rope bridges.  They also built aqueducts to their cities as the Romans had.  The Inca made many discoveries in medicine. They performed successful skull surgery, which involved cutting holes in the skull to release pressure from head wounds.  Coca (ingredient of cocaine) leaves were used to lessen hunger and pain. Messengers chewed coca leaves for extra energy to carry on their tasks as runners delivering messages throughout the empire.  The Inca also practiced cranial deformation. They achieved this by wrapping tight cloth straps around the heads of newborns in order to alter the shape of their still-soft skulls. These deformations did not result in brain damage.

42.  There were many local forms of worship, but the Inca leadership encouraged the worship of Mother Earth.  The Inca believed in reincarnation. Those who obeyed the Incan moral code went to live in the Sun's warmth. Others spent their eternal days in the cold earth.  The Inca used the terracing of fields in the Andes Mountains.  The Inca used guano, or bird/bat dung, as fertilizer to help create bigger harvests on these terraced fields.  The Inca diet consisted primarily of fish, vegetables, nuts, and maize, grain to make bread, less frequently they ate ducks, dogs and guinea pigs.  They hunted various animals for meat, skins and feathers.  Maize was used to make chicha, a fermented alcoholic beverage.  They also raised llama and alpaca for food and for labor.