1. ANKLE

2. Divisions of the Foot Hindfoot: Hindfoot:Talus.Calcaneus. Midfoot: Midfoot:Navicular.Cuboid.Cuneiforms. Forefoot: Forefoot:Metatarsals.Phalanges.

3. Ankle Joints and Ligaments Superior and inferior tibiofibular joints: Superior and inferior tibiofibular joints:Superior: Synovial plane joint with a capsule. Inferior:Syndesmosis: Posterior tibiofibular ligament. Anterior tibiofibular ligament. Crural tibiofibular interosseous ligament.

4. Ankle Joints and Ligaments Talotibial (talocrural): Talotibial (talocrural): Most congruent joint in the body. Synovial hinge joint. Axis: Toe out stance (= normal tibial torsion). Pathological: external/internal tibial torsion.

5. Ankle Joints and Ligaments Movements: Movements: Dorsiflexion = increased toe out. Plantarflexion = decreased toe out. Mostly occur in sagittal plane.

6. Ankle Joints and Ligaments Talotibial (talocrural): Talotibial (talocrural): Mortise and tenon joint. Mortise: Fibular malleolus. Tibial malleolus. Distal end of tibia. Tenon: Head of talus.

7. Ankle Joints and Ligaments Talotibial (talocrural): Talotibial (talocrural):Ligaments: Medial collateral = deltoid: Tibionavicular.Tibiocalcanean. Anterior tibiotalar. Posterior tibiotalar.

8. Ankle Joints and Ligaments Talotibial (talocrural): Talotibial (talocrural):Ligaments: Lateral collateral (weakest of the collaterals): Anterior talofibular. Posterior talofibular. Calcanefibular.

9. Ankle Joints and Ligaments Talocalcaneal (subtalar): Talocalcaneal (subtalar): Very stable. Uniaxial, triplanar.

10. Ankle Joints and Ligaments Talocalcaneal (subtalar): Talocalcaneal (subtalar): Three surfaces: Posterior: Concave facet on talus with convex facet on calcaneus. Anterior: Convex facets on body and neck of talus. Concave facets on calcaneus.

11. Ankle Joints and Ligaments Talocalcaneal (subtalar): Talocalcaneal (subtalar): Tarsal tunnel: Nonsynovial but with ligament: Talocalcaneal ligament.

12. Ankle Joints and Ligaments Talocalcaneal (subtalar): Talocalcaneal (subtalar):Movements:Inversion: Adduction (vertical axis). Supination (longitudinal axis). Plantarflexion (coronal axis). Eversion: Opposite inversion.

13. Ankle Joints and Ligaments Talocalcaneal (subtalar): Talocalcaneal (subtalar):Ligaments: Interosseous talocalcaneal. Posterior and lateral talocalcaneal ligaments.

14. Ankle Joints and Ligaments Talocalcaneonavicular: Talocalcaneonavicular: Talocalcaneal + talonavicular: Movements:Inversion.Eversion.

15. Ankle Joints and Ligaments Talocalcaneonavicular: Talocalcaneonavicular:Ligaments: Calcaneonavicular (spring) ligament: From sustentacular tali to inferior navicular. Continuous medially with deltoid ligament. Continuous laterally with medial band of bifurcate ligament. Helps to maintain medial longitudinal arch.

16. Ankle Joints and Ligaments Calcaneocuboid: Calcaneocuboid:Triplanar.Ligaments: Plantar calcaneocuboid (short plantar). Long plantar (most important).

17. Ankle Joints and Ligaments Transverse tarsal: Transverse tarsal: = talonavicular + calcaneocuboid. Adds to inversion-eversion range. Compensates forefoot for hindfoot eversion. Keeps distal foot inverted with lateral surface in contact with the ground while the hindfoot is everted.

18. Retinacula Superior/inferior extensor retinacula: Superior/inferior extensor retinacula: Localized thickenings of anterior crural fascia. Bind down tendons of: Tibialis anterior. Extensor hallucis longus. Extensor digitorum longus. Peroneus tertius.

19. Retinacula Superior/inferior extensor retinacula: Superior/inferior extensor retinacula:Covers: Deep peroneal nerve. Anterior tibial artery. Inferior retinaculum is “Y”-shaped.

20. Retinacula Flexor retinaculum: Flexor retinaculum: Localized medial thickening of crural fascia. Binds down tendons of: Flexor hallucis longus. Flexor digitorum longus. Tibialis posterior. Covers: Tibial nerve. Posterior tibial artery.

21. Retinacula Peroneal (fibular) retinaculum: Peroneal (fibular) retinaculum: Localized thickenings of lateral deep fascia. Binds down tendons of: Peroneus (fibularis) longus. Peroneus (fibularis) brevis.

22. Plantar Arches Longitudinal: Longitudinal:Medial.Lateral. Pathologies: Pathologies: Pes cavus. Pes planus.

23. Plantar Arches Support ligaments: Support ligaments: Plantar calcaneonavicular (spring): Primary support for medial longitudinal arch. Long plantar: Primary support for lateral longitudinal arch.

24. Plantar Arches Support ligaments: Support ligaments: Plantar aponeurosis. Plantar calcaneocuboid (short plantar). Marginal abductors.