1. The Geography of Agriculture

2. Agriculture’s Origins and History Classifying Agricultural Regions The Von Th Ü nen Model and Location Analysis The Green Revolution Genetic Modification of Crops

3. History of Agriculture: Create a flow chart in your notes that shows the progression of Agriculture Hunter-Gatherers First Ag. Revolution: The Neolithic Revolution –Domestication of Plants and Animals –Diffusion of Agriculture Second Ag. Revolution: Agricultural Industrialization Use of machines The “Green Revolution” –Hybrids, scientific application of fertilizer, pesticide, and water Modern Agribusiness Genetic Engineering of Crops

4. The History of Agriculture. Hunter Gatherers. –Nomadic society –food is obtained from wild plants and animals

5. 1 st Agricultural Revolution. Around 10,000BCE to 2000BCE –Neolithic Revolution –Knowledge of seeds and animal domestication –Diffusion of agriculture

6. 2 nd Agricultural Revolution Around 17 th to 19 th century –Coincides with the Industrial Revolution –Use of machines and steam technology. –Mass production begins.

7. 3 rd Agricultural Revolution (1960’s to now) –Use of science!!! –Green Revolution –Pesticides, herbicides –Fertilizer –Hybrids

8. Neolithic Revolution Primary effects:  Urbanization  Social stratification  Occupational specialization  Increased population densities Secondary effects:  Endemic diseases  Famine

9. Origins of Agriculture Which of these areas are considered cultural hearths?

10. Agricultural Revolutions Technology allows much greater production (surplus) with less human labor, but often has high social and environmental costs.  Metal plows, Reapers, Cotton Gin  Tractors (Internal Combustion Engine)‏  Combines  Chemical Pesticides/Fertilizers  Hybrid Crops  Genetically-modified Crops

11. Subsistence Agriculture Regions

12. Grain farming… intensive or extensive? Why? Labor or capital?

13. Pg. 349 Vegetable garden… intensive or extensive? Why? Labor or capital?

14. Vegetation “slashed” and then burned (slash & burn). Soil remains fertile for 2-3 years. Then people move on.  where: tropical rainforests. Amazon, Central and West Africa, Southeast Asia  Crops: upland rice (S.E. Asia), maize and manioc (S. America), millet and sorghum (Africa)‏ Declining at hands of ranching and logging. Shifting Cultivation pg. 335-338

15. Pastoral Nomadism pg. 338-339 The breeding and herding of domesticated animals for subsistence.  where: arid and semi-arid areas of N. Africa, Middle East, Central Asia  animals: Camel, Goats, Sheep, Cattle  transhumance: seasonal migrations from highlands to lowlands Most nomads are being pressured into sedentary life as land is used for agriculture or mining. Bedouin Shepherd Somali Nomad and Tent

16. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture pg. 339-341 The Fields of Bali Wet Rice Dominant  where: S.E. Asia, E. India, S.E. China  very labor intensive production of rice, including transfer to sawah, or paddies  most important source of food in Asia  grown on flat, or terraced land Double cropping (2 crops at once) is used in warm winter areas of S. China and Taiwan Thai Rice Farmers

18. Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming Where: Ohio to Dakotas, centered on Iowa; much of Europe from France to Russia  crops: corn (most common), soybeans  In U.S. 80% of product fed to pigs and cattle  Highly inefficient use of natural resources Highly inefficient use of natural resources  Pounds of grain to make 1 lb. beef: 10  Gallons of water to make 1 1b wheat: 25  Gallons of water to make 1 1b. beef: 2500

19. Dairy Farming Where: near urban areas in N.E. United States, Southeast Canada, N.W. Europe - Over 90% of cow’s milk is produced in developed countries. Value is added as cheese, yogurt, etc. Dairy Farm, Wisconsin Most important commercial agriculture practiced on farms near large urban areas Expensive: labor intensive, feed cows Is milk a luxury?! Milkshed : historically defined by spoilage threat; refrigerated trucks changed this.

20. Grain Farming Where: worldwide, but U.S. and Russia predominant Crops: wheat  winter wheat: Kansas, Colorado, Oklahoma  spring wheat: Dakotas, Montana, southern Canada Highly mechanized: combines, worth hundreds of thousands of dollars, migrate northward in U.S., following the harvest.

22. Livestock Ranching Where: arid or semi-arid areas of western U.S., Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Spain and Portugal. History: initially open range, now sedentary with transportation changes. Environmental effects: 1) overgrazing has damaged much of the world’s arid grasslands (< 1% of U.S. remain!)‏ 2) destruction of the rainforest is motivated by Brazilian desires for fashionable cattle ranches

23. Mediterranean Agriculture Where: areas surrounding the Mediterranean, California, Oregon, Chile, South Africa, Australia Climate has summer dry season. Landscape is mountainous. Highly valuable crops: olives, grapes, nuts, fruits and vegetables; winter wheat California: high quality land is being lost to suburbanization; initially offset by irrigation Pg. 349

24. Commercial Gardening and Fruit Farming Where: U.S. Southeast, New England, near cities around the world crops: high profit vegetables and fruits demanded by wealthy urban populations: apples, asparagus, cherries, lettuce, tomatoes, etc. mechanization: such truck farming is highly mechanized and labor costs are further reduced by the use of cheap immigrant (and illegal) labor. distribution: situated near urban markets.

25. large scale mono-cropping of profitable products not able to be grown in Europe or U.S. where: tropical lowland Periphery crops: cotton, sugar cane, coffee, rubber, cocoa, bananas, tea, coconuts, palm oil. Where are these things mostly sold? Where are they produced? Plantation Farming pg. 341-342

26. How does agriculture correlate to development? In terms of % of population that farms? Type of farming? Types of crops/Products produced? Distribution of end product? Anything else you can think of?

27. Classifying Agricultural Regions Commercial Agriculture Plantation farming Mixed Crop and Livestock Farming Dairy Farming Grain Farming Livestock Ranching Mediterranean Agriculture Truck Farming

28. Commercial Agriculture Value-Added  Very little of the value of most commercial products comes from the raw materials  “adding value” is the key to high profit margins  (value chain) Roughly 6% of the price of cereal is the cost of the grain.

29. Classifying Agricultural Regions Subsistence Agriculture Shifting Cultivation Pastoral Nomadism Intensive Subsistence Agriculture

30. Johann Heinrich von Thünen (1783-1850) prominent nineteenth century economist. Von Thunen’s theories are the beginning of location economics and analysis (1826) Factors: Spoilage, weight and distance Locational Theory : butter and cheese more common than milk with increasing distance from cities and in West. Pg. 350

31. Play-doh von Thunen!!!! (Five groups) Each group gets FIVE colors of Play-doh. On a blank sheet of paper in the lower right hand corner make a key for each of the 5 rungs of the Von Thunen model (Example: blue=market/urban area, etc. Use the play-doh to create the rungs for VT. Using the nine small agricultural pictures in the envelope, stick each agricultural product in the rung of Von Thunen where it belongs. Discuss as a group WHY you are putting the product there. Is it heavy? Does it spoil quickly? Is it extensive land use? Etc. When you are finished take a picture with your phone.

32. Von Thunen Model Spoilage Weight Distance Costs!!! $$$$

34. Boserup: Subsistence Agriculture and Population “Necessity is the mother of invention” http://playroom.crescentschool.org/geography/Hu man/UnitVAgricultural/esterboserup.htmhttp://playroom.crescentschool.org/geography/Hu man/UnitVAgricultural/esterboserup.htm Intensification of Food Production 4 ways: –Forest Fallow (20 yrs) –Bush Fallow (10 yrs) –Short/ Field Fallow (2 yrs) –Multicropping (never fallow) –Annual Cropping (fallow for a few months)

35. Does Boserup seem related to another theory? Boserup –Population determines agricultural methods. –People will find a way (inventions) to produce more food… this is called intensification. –High population can be an advantage… forces people to invent/ adjust. –Can’t change lifestyle, so we need to change subsistence methods. Malthus –Agriculture determines population. –People will begin to die off when the food supply can’t keep up. –High population a problem, agriculture can’t keep up. –Deals with food supply and population, not just subsistence agriculture like Boserup.

36. The Green Revolution in Agriculture

37. Green Revolution History Acreage and Yield Trends Technical Problems Ethical Issues The term green revolution refers to the development and adoption of high yielding cereal grains in the less developed world during the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s. Very large short term gains in grain output have allowed food supplies to grow faster than populations, until very recently.

38. History of Green Revolution 1960s Hybrid strains of rice, wheat, and corn show great success in S.E. Asia, and Latin America. 1970 Head of Mexican corn program, Borlaug, wins Nobel Peace Prize 1990s Growth in food supply continues, but slows to below the rate of population growth, as the results of unsustainable farming practices take effect.

42. Acreage and Yield Trends: Gains Dwarf varieties: plants are bred to allocate more of their photosynthetic output to grain and less to vegetative parts. Planting in closer rows, allowed by herbicides, increases yields. Bred to be less sensitive to day length, thus double- cropping is more plausible. Very sensitive to inputs of fertilizer and water so you don’t need as much of either.

43. Problems with the Green Revolution Heavy Use of Fresh Water > Less available for human consumption. Dependent on technology and machinery from MDC’s Heavy Use of Pesticides and Fertilizer Reduced Genetic Diversity / Increased Blight Vulnerability (plants are “weaker”) Questionable Overall Sustainability

44. Case Study: India http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=102893816 http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748703615904575052 921612723844

45. Ethical Issues Starvation of many prevented, but extra food may lead to higher birth rates. Life expectancy in less developed countries increased by 10 years in less than two decades (43 in 1950’s to 53 in 1970’s). Dependency on core countries increased (chemicals and equipment); rich-poor gap increased. Wealthy farmers and multinational companies do well, small farmers can’t afford to keep up. U.S. spends $10,000,000,000 year on farm subsidies, damaging farmers and markets in LDCs.

46. Genetically Modified Foods (GMO’s) ****DNA is actually altered. Read page 354 in text. Ways foods are “modified” –Taste change. –Resistant to disease. –Resistant to pests. –More product/grow larger. A GMO is different from a hybrid. http://www.jungseed.com/GardenersCorner.asp?article=What+is+a+GMO+and+is+it+the+same+as+a+hybrid%3F&aid=50&id=5 –Harvest of Fear http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/harvest/ http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/harvest/ –(click on What’s for Dinner and Engineer a Crop)

47. http://www.foxnews.com/health/2013/07/14/gmos-researchers-debate-healthy- safety-genetically-modified-foods/ Do we have a right to know?

48. “Our incredible successes as a species are largely derived from this choice: agriculture, but the biggest threats to our existence also stem from the same decision.” Jared Diamond, 1999  Emergence of new human diseases from animal diseases (i.e. smallpox, measles)‏ Dense urban populations allow spread/persistence of disease  Lower standard of living for many people. Archaeological evidence of serious mal-nourishment among early farmers. Many modern impoverished and malnourished farmers. Famine virtually non-existent in hunter-gatherer societies.  Increased susceptibility to plant blights and increased dependence on complex economic systems.  Environmental degradation topsoil erosion (75% in U.S.), desertification, PCBs (chlorine compounds) in fish, DDT and other pesticides Agricultural ‘Success’?