1. CHAPTER 16 Section 1

2. Stalwarts & Halfbreeds  Stalwart – main leader Roscoe Conkling (NY)  Senator and local boss of Republican political machine  Angry that Hayes appointed reformers to cabinet  Angry that Hayes abandoned reconstruction  Angry that Democrats gained control of the south  Halfbreeds – Republican reformers  Backed reform to create openings for their own supporters  Result = Republicans nominated a mixed ticket for president

3. Election of 1880 Candidates Party Electoral Vote Popular Vote James A. Garfield (OH) Chester A. Arthur (NY) Republican2144,454,416 Winfield S. Hancock (PA) William H. English (IN) Democratic1554,444,952 James B. Weaver (IA) Benjamin J. Chambers (TX) Greenback- Labor 0308,578 Election of 1880

4. Assassination of President Garfield  http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6USyilfk6w&s afe=active http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N6USyilfk6w&s afe=active

6. Print of the assassination attempt against Garfield "An accurate rendering" of the moment when Charles Guiteau shot President James Garfield as Garfield and Secretary of State James G. Blaine entered the Baltimore & Potomac Railroad Station. This appeared in Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, July 16, 1881. Courtesy of Library of Congress

9. Pendleton Act 1883  Allowed President to decide which federal jobs would be filled  Based on rules by bipartisan Civil Service Commission  Candidates would compete for jobs Examinations Could not be removed for political reasons  Result = shift from spoils system

10. Republicans  Party of reform  Voting edge in New England & upper Midwest  Preserved the Union  Established pensions for Civil War veterans  Support of formers Union soldiers  Americans that were strongly patriotic  Support of big business  Support from farmers on the Great Plains  Supported abolition  Supported temperance  Most were Protestants  Defender of traditional American morals & values

11. Democrats  Party of personal liberty  Dominated the south  White voters that were anti-republican following the Civil War & Reconstruction  Support in big cities  Support of Catholics  Immigrants that lived in big cities

12. Election of 1884 Candidates Party Electoral Vote Popular Vote Grover Cleveland (NY) Thomas A. Hendricks (IN) Democratic2194,874,986 James G. Blaine (ME) John H. Logan (IL) Republican1824,854,981 Benjamin F. Butler (MA) A.M. West (MS) Greenback and Anti-Monopoly 0175,370 John P. St. John (KS) William Daniel (MD) Prohibition0150,369 Election of 1884

13. Interstate Commerce Commission  Both parties=govt. should not interfere with corporations property rights  1886 Supreme Court case Wabash V Illinois  IL could not restrict rates Wabash RR charged for traffic between states  Only federal govt. could regulate interstate commerce  1887 congress created Interstate commerce commission  1 st federal law to regulate interstate commerce

14. In 1888, Grover Cleveland, with his running mate, Allen G. Thurman, led a spirited campaign for reelection to the presidency. Although he played up his strong record on civil service reform and tariff reduction, Cleveland, an incumbent, lost the election to his Republican challenger, Benjamin Harrison. Cleveland tallied the greatest number of popular votes, but Harrison easily won in the Electoral College by a margin of 233 to 168. In this lithograph campaign poster, the Democratic ticket invokes the legacy of Thomas Jefferson and the patriotism of Uncle Sam. SOURCE:The Granger Collection.

15. Election of 1888 Candidates Party Electoral Vote Popular Vote Benjamin Harrison (IN) Levi P. Morton (NY) Republican2335,444,892 Grover Cleveland (NY) Allen G. Thurman (OH) Democratic1685,534,488 Clinton B. Fisk (NJ) John A. Brooks (MO) Prohibition0249,819 Alson J. Streeter (IL) Charles E. Cunningham (AR) Union Labor0146,602 Election of 1888

16. McKinley Tariff  Cut tobacco taxes & tariffs rates on raw sugar  Increased rates on other goods (textiles)  Discourage people from buying exports  Result = lowered federal revenue  Transferred nations budget surplus to deficit  1890 new pension law to veterans worsened federal deficit

17. Sherman Antitrust Act 1890  Trusts=large combinations of companies that dominated certain markets  Not effective because courts were responsible

18. CHAPTER 16 Section 2 Populism

19. The symbols chosen by Grange artists represented their faith that all social value could be traced to honest labor and most of all to the work of the entire farm family. The hardworking American required only the enlightenment offered by the Grange to build a better community. SOURCE:Kingfisher Reformer, May 3,1894,Library of Congress.

20. The Grange  Farmers and workers built movements that challenged the existing system.  The Grange formed in the 1870s by farmers in the Great Plains and South who suffered boom and bust conditions and natural disasters.  Grangers blamed hard times on a band of “thieves in the night,” especially railroads, and pushed through laws regulating shipping rates and other farm costs.  Grangers created their own grain elevators and set up retail stores for farm machinery.  The depression of the late 1870s wiped out most of these programs.

21. The Farmers’ Alliance  In the late 1880s, Texas farmers, led by Charles W. Macune, formed the National Farmers Alliance and Industrial Union, in cooperation with the Colored Alliance. The Alliance sought to:  challenge the disproportionate power of the governing class  restore democracy  establish a cooperative economic program  Northern Plains farmer organizations soon joined the Alliance.  Midwestern farm groups battled railroad influence.  By 1890, the Alliance was a major power in several states demanding demanded a series of economic reforms.

22. Populism and the People’s Party  Between 1890 and 1892, the Farmers’ Alliance, the Knights of Labor, the National Colored Farmers’ Alliance and other organizations formed the People’s Party.  The People’s Party platform called for:  government ownership of railroads, banks, and the telegraph  the eight-hour day  the graduated income tax, and other reforms  Though the party lost the 1892 presidential race, Populists elected three governors, ten congressional representatives, and five senators.

23. Women Build Alliances  Women actively shaped labor and agrarian protest.  The Knights included women at their national convention and even ran day-care centers and baking cooperatives.  Women were active members in the Grange and Alliances.  The greatest female leader was Frances E. Willard, who:  was president of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union  mobilized nearly 1 million women to promote reform and to work for women’s suffrage

24. The Depression of 1893  In 1893, the collapse of the nation’s major rail lines precipitated a major depression.  Full recovery was not achieved until the early 1900s.  Unemployment soared and many suffered great hardships.  Tens of thousands took to the road in search of work or food.  Jacob Coxey called for a march on Washington to demand relief through public works programs.  “ Coxey’s Army” was greeted warmly by most communities on the way to Washington.  The attorney general, who was a former lawyer for a railroad company, conspired to stop the march.  Police clubbed and arrested the marchers for trespassing on the grass in Washington.

25. The Free Silver Issue  Grover Cleveland won the 1892 election by capturing the traditional Democratic Solid South and German voters alienated by Republican nativist appeals.  When the economy collapsed in 1893, government figures concentrated on longstanding currency issues to provide a solution.  The debate was over hard money backed by gold or soft money backed by silver.  Cleveland favored a return to the gold standard, losing much popular support.

26. Populism's Last Campaign  The hard times strengthened the Populists, who were silver advocates.  They recorded strong gains in 1894.  But in 1896, when the Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan as a champion of free silver, Populists decided to run a fusion ticket of Bryan and Tom Watson.  Republicans ran William McKinley as a safe alternative to Bryan.  Republicans characterized Bryan as a dangerous man who would cost voters their jobs.

27. Election of 1892 Candidates Party Electoral Vote Popular Vote Grover Cleveland (NY) Adlai E. Stevenson (IL) Democratic277 5,556,91 8 Benjamin Harrison (IN) Whitelaw Reid (NY Republican145 5,176,10 8 James B. Weaver (IA) James G. Field (VA) People's (Populist) 22 1,041,02 8 John Bidwell (CA) James B. Cranfill (TX) Prohibition0264,138 Simon Wing (MA) Charles Matchett (NY) Socialist Labor 021,512 Election of 1892

28. Election of 1896 Candidates Party Electoral Vote Popular Vote William McKinley (OH) Garret A. Hobart (NJ) Republican2717,104,779 William J. Bryan (NE) Arthur Sewall (ME) Thomas E. Watson (GA)* Democratic (Populist) 176 (149) (27) 6,502,925 (222,583) John M. Palmer (IL) Simon B. Buckner (KY) National Democratic 0133,148 Joshua Levering (MD) Hale Johnson (IL) Prohibition0132,007 Charles H. Matchett (NY) Matthew Maguire (NJ) Socialist Labor 036,274 Charles E. Bentley (NE) James H. Southgate (NC) National013,969 Election of 1896

29. The Election of 1896  Map: Election of 1896 Map: Election of 1896  Bryan won 46% of the vote but failed to carry the Midwest, Far West, and Upper South.  Traditional Democratic groups like Catholics were uncomfortable with Bryan and voted Republican.  The Populists disappeared and the Democrats became a minority party.  McKinley promoted a mixture of pro-business and expansionist foreign policies.  The return to prosperity after 1898 insured continued Republican control.

30. MAP 20.2 Election of 1896 Democratic candidate William Jennings Bryan carried most of rural America but could not over- come Republican William McKinley’s stronghold in the populous industrial states.

31. This Republican campaign poster of 1896 depicts William McKinley standing on sound money and promising a revival of prosperity. The depression of the 1890s shifted the electorate into the Republican column. SOURCE:The Granger Collection,New York (4E 1033.90).

32. CHAPTER 16 Section 3 Rise of Segregation

33. Exodus to Kansas  Benjamin “Pap” Singleton  Organized mass migration of African Americans from rural south to Kansas

34. Voting Issues  15 th amendment prohibits states from denying citizens the right to vote based on “race, color, or previous conditions of servitude”  Loopholes  Poll tax Required to pay in order to register to vote in MS  Literacy tests  Grandfather clause  In Louisianan any man allowed to vote if had ancestor on voting roles in 1867.

35. Legalizing Segregation  Segregation  Separation of the races  Jim Crow Laws  Statutes enforcing segregation  Supreme Court overturns Civil Rights Act of 1875  Prohibited keeping people out of public places based on race  Result is now private organizations & businesses were free to practice segregation

36. Plessy v. Ferguson  Homer Plessy  African American in Louisiana  Arrested for riding on a “whites only” car  Case goes to Supreme Court  Ruling upholds Louisiana law and set new doctrine of “separate but equal”

37. Racial Violence  Ida B. Wells  Launched fearless crusade against lynching  Spoke out against lynching of African American grocers  Lynching is execution without proper court proceedings

38. Mob Violence and Lynching  Racial violence escalated.  Between 1882 and 1900 lynchings usually exceeded a hundred each year.  They were announced in newspapers and became public spectacles.  Railroads offered special excursion prices to people traveling to attend lynchings.  Postcards were often printed as souvenirs.  Ida B. Wells launched a one-woman anti-lynching crusade.  She argued that lynching was a brutal device to get rid of African Americans who were becoming too powerful or prosperous.

39. African American Response  Booker T Washington  W.E.B. Bois

40. Racism and Accommodation  The turn of the century was an intensely racist era.  Segregation was institutionalized throughout the South.  Violent attacks on blacks were supported by vicious characterizations in popular culture.  Racism was based on the assumed innate inferiority of blacks.  Racial Darwinism justified a policy of neglect and repression.  Southern progressives pushed for paternalistic uplift.  Booker T. Washington emerged as the most prominent black leader.  Washington advocated black accommodation and urged that blacks focus on self-reliance and economic improvement.

41. In July 1905, a group of African American leaders met in Niagara Falls, Ontario, to protest legal segregation and the denial of civil rights to the nation’s black population. This portrait was taken against a studio backdrop of the falls. In 1909, the leader of the Niagara movement, W. E. B. Du Bois (second from right, middle row) founded and edited The Crisis, the influential monthly journal of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. SOURCE:Photographs and Print Division,Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture,The New York Public Library,Astor,Lenox and Tilden Foundations.

42. Racial Justice, the NAACP, Black Women’s Activism  W. E. B. Du Bois criticized Booker T. Washington for accepting “the alleged inferiority of the Negro.”  Du Bois supported programs that sought to attack segregation, the right to vote, and secure city equality.  He helped found the interracial organization known as the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.  Black women became a powerful force for social services.  They organized settlement houses, campaigned for suffrage, temperance, and advances in public health.

43. FIGURE 20.1 African American Representation in Congress, 1867–1900 Black men served in the U.S. Congress from 1870 until 1900. All were Republicans.

44. Nativism and Jim Crow  Chart: African American Representation in Congress Chart: African American Representation in Congress  Neither McKinley nor Bryan addressed the increased racism and nativism throughout the nation.  Nativists blamed foreign workers for hard times and considered them unfit for democracy.  The decline of the Populist party led to the establishment of white supremacy as the political force in the South.  Southern whites enacted a system of legal segregation and disenfranchised blacks, approved by the Supreme Court.  Reformers abandoned their traditional support for black rights and accepted segregation and disenfranchisement.