1. Dr. Latif Ahmad Assistant Professor, BCVS, BMU-Karachi

2.  Exotic Newcastle Disease,  Pseudo-Fowl Pest,  Pseudovogel-Pest (German, Dutch),  Atypical Geflugelpest (German),  Pseudo-Poultry Plague,  Avian Pest,  Avian Distemper,  Ranikhet Disease,  Tetelo Disease,  Korean Fowl Plague, and  Avian Pneumoencephalitis

3. Ranikhet/Newcastle Disease (ND) Most common, the most widely prevalent, and economically the most important viral disease of poultry in Pakistan. Most common, the most widely prevalent, and economically the most important viral disease of poultry in Pakistan. It is a very severe, sudden, and rapidly spreading disease; and may be seen from 6th to 7th day onward up to 72 weeks. It is a very severe, sudden, and rapidly spreading disease; and may be seen from 6th to 7th day onward up to 72 weeks. It occurs throughout the year, but is most common in the summer. It occurs throughout the year, but is most common in the summer.

4. Order Mononegavirales 3 families Paramyxoviridae, Filoviridae and Rhabdoviridae Two Sub-families Paramyxovirinae and Pneumovirinae Five Genera 1) Rubulavirus 2) Respirovirus 3) Morbilivirus 4) Henipavirus 5) Avulavirus (APMV e.g., NDV). Subgroups of Avian Paramyxoviruses APMV-1 to APMV-9 Newcastle disease is caused by a paramyxovirus. Only one serotype of ND is known. Lentogenic, Mesogenic, Velogenic Aetiology

5. Strains of NDV been conveniently grouped as “velogenic,” “mesogenic,” and “lentogenic” based on chicken embryo mortality at less than 60 hr, 60–90 hr and greater than 90 hr, respectively, after allantoic inoculation. Compared to lentogenic strains of ND virus, mesogenic strains of this virus are more pathogenic & more immunogenic. vND = virulent Newcastle Disease 1) Mesogenic, 2) Velogenic neurotropic, 3) Velogenic viscerotropic. “Exotic Newcastle Disease” (END) in USA means velogenic viscerotropic strains of ND

6. Prototype: Prototype: APMV1—APMV9 Serotype: Only one serotype of ND is known (APMV1). Serotype: Only one serotype of ND is known (APMV1). Pathotype: NDV has 3 Pathotypes i.e., lentogenic; mesogenic and velogenic Pathotype: NDV has 3 Pathotypes i.e., lentogenic; mesogenic and velogenic Strain Strain In each pathotype, there are strains of ND virus. ND virus has mild strains (lentogenic), medium strength strains (mesogenic), and virulent strains (velogenic). The strains used for live vaccines are mainly lentogenic.

7. PrototypeUsual Natural Hosts Other HostsDisease produced in Poultry APMV1—ND virus Chickens Pigeons TurkeysDepends strain, host infected. In- apparent to extremely pathogenic APMV2/ Chickens Turkeys passerines Chickens, psittacines Mild resp. dis/egg prod. problem, severe if exacerbation occurs APMV3/ turkey Turkeys NoneMild resp. dis., severe egg prod. problems; > if orgnsms/ envir. APMV3/parakeet Psittacines; passerines None known APMV4/duck DuckGeeseNone known APMV-5/budgerigarNone knownNo infections of poultry reported APMV-6/duck Ducks---Geese, Rails, TurkeysMild resp. dis. in turkeys APMV-7/dove PigeonsTurkeys, ostrichesMild resp. dis. in turkeys APMV-8/goose, Ducks & geese None knownNo infection of poultry reported APMV-9/domestic duckNone known Inapparent inf. of commercial ducks Prototype viruses & HOST range: paramyxoviruses.

8. PARAKEET A parakeet is any one of a large number of small to medium-sized species of parrot, in multiple genera, that generally have long tail feathers

9. Budgerigar The third most popular pet in world, after the domesticated dog and cat چھوٹی طوطے کی نسل کی چِڑیا ۔ جو کئی رنگ کی ہوتی ہے اور پِنجروں میں پالی جاتی ہے آسٹريليا کا چھوٹا طوطا صد رنگ طوطا

10. Psittacines/ Parrots Pigeon Dove

11. Passerines: Most birds; having 3 toes pointing forward & 1 back; the orientation helping perching (sitting on tree branches etc)

13. Ostriches (---ratites)

14. History 1926 1926 Java, Indonesia Java, Indonesia Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England Probable earlier outbreaks in Central Europe Probable earlier outbreaks in Central Europe 1896: Western Scotland, cause of death of all chickens? 1896: Western Scotland, cause of death of all chickens? 4 panzootics from 1926 to 1981 4 panzootics from 1926 to 1981 1950: First U.S. case 1950: First U.S. case Partridges and pheasants imported from Hong Kong Partridges and pheasants imported from Hong Kong 1971 to 1974: California 1971 to 1974: California 1,321 infected and exposed flocks 1,321 infected and exposed flocks 12 million birds destroyed 12 million birds destroyed $56 million cost to tax payers $56 million cost to tax payers Additional U.S. outbreaks Additional U.S. outbreaks Illegal importation of exotic birds, poultry Illegal importation of exotic birds, poultry

15. Virus resp. for the panzootic in pigeons during 1980s induced cl. signs in field inf. of pigeons & chickens unlike those from other viruses. Virus resp. for the panzootic in pigeons during 1980s induced cl. signs in field inf. of pigeons & chickens unlike those from other viruses. In both species, leading cl. features were diarrhea & nervous signs. In adult chickens, abrupt falls in egg prod. were seen, & high mortality was recorded in younger birds. In both species, leading cl. features were diarrhea & nervous signs. In adult chickens, abrupt falls in egg prod. were seen, & high mortality was recorded in younger birds. This virus did not induce resp. signs in uncomplicated inf. of pigeons/chickens. This virus did not induce resp. signs in uncomplicated inf. of pigeons/chickens.

16. 2002 to 2003: California 2002 to 2003: California 2,662 premises depopulated 2,662 premises depopulated 4 million birds destroyed 4 million birds destroyed $160 million lost $160 million lost

17. Economic Impact Global economic impact Global economic impact vND more costly than any other animal virus? vND more costly than any other animal virus? Control measures expensive Control measures expensive Repeated testing for trade purposes Repeated testing for trade purposes Developing countries Developing countries Endemic vND affects quality and quantity of dietary protein Endemic vND affects quality and quantity of dietary protein Significant effect on human health Significant effect on human health

18. Epizootology: 1) Geographic Distribution Endemic Endemic Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Central and South America Asia, the Middle East, Africa, Central and South America Vaccine use makes assessment of true geographical distribution difficult Vaccine use makes assessment of true geographical distribution difficult International monitoring International monitoring FAO FAO OIE OIE

19. 2) Morbidity/Mortality Morbidity: up to 100% Morbidity: up to 100% Mortality: 90% Mortality: 90% Varies greatly depending on Varies greatly depending on Virulence and strain Virulence and strain Avian species and susceptibility of host Avian species and susceptibility of host Environmental conditions Environmental conditions Vaccination history Vaccination history Some species show few or no signs Some species show few or no signs Carrier state may exist Carrier state may exist

20. 3) Animal Transmission Direct contact with Direct contact with feces, resp. secretions Indirect contact Indirect contact Feed, water Feed, water Equipment Equipment Human clothing Human clothing Contaminated/incompletely inactivated vaccines Contaminated/incompletely inactivated vaccines Survives for long periods in the environment Survives for long periods in the environment Incubation period: 2-15 days (5-6 d average) Incubation period: 2-15 days (5-6 d average) Migratory birds, feral (untamed) pigeons Migratory birds, feral (untamed) pigeons Contamination of poultry feed Contamination of poultry feed

21. 4) Human Transmission Mild conjunctivitis Mild conjunctivitis Virus shed in ocular secretions Virus shed in ocular secretions Avoid contact with avian species Avoid contact with avian species Lab workers and vaccination squad most at risk Lab workers and vaccination squad most at risk No cases from handling or consuming poultry products No cases from handling or consuming poultry products No human-to-human spread No human-to-human spread

22. Animals and Virulent Newcastle Disease (vND) a) Clinical Signs in Chikens Drop in egg production Drop in egg production Numerous deaths within 24- 48hrs Numerous deaths within 24- 48hrs Deaths continue for 7-10d Deaths continue for 7-10d Surviving birds may have Surviving birds may have neurological or reproductive damage

23. Edema of head, especially around eyes Edema of head, especially around eyes Greenish, dark watery diarrhea Greenish, dark watery diarrhea Respiratory and neurological signs Respiratory and neurological signs Signs vary with species and virulence Signs vary with species and virulence

24. Depression Diarrhoea Mortality Green diarrhea is frequently seen in birds in VVND that do not die early in infection, and prior to death Green diarrhea is frequently seen in birds in VVND that do not die early in infection, and prior to death,

25. Cl. Signs in Poultry Other Than Chickens Turkeys susceptible, signs less severe than chickens. Turkeys susceptible, signs less severe than chickens. Although readily infected, ducks & possibly geese cl. resistant even to vNDV. Still, outbreaks of severe dis. in ducks inf. with NDV described. Although readily infected, ducks & possibly geese cl. resistant even to vNDV. Still, outbreaks of severe dis. in ducks inf. with NDV described. Outbreaks of vND reported in most game bird species, & dis. appears similar to that in chickens. Outbreaks of vND reported in most game bird species, & dis. appears similar to that in chickens. In ostriches & other ratites, vNDV not produce such pathogenic dis. Young ostrich chicks show despair & nervous signs, but adults appear unaffected. In ostriches & other ratites, vNDV not produce such pathogenic dis. Young ostrich chicks show despair & nervous signs, but adults appear unaffected.

26. b) Post Mortem Lesions No pathognomonic lesions are associated with any form of dis. Gross lesions may also be absent No pathognomonic lesions are associated with any form of dis. Gross lesions may also be absent. Edema of head, neck Edema of head, neck Edema, hemorrhage, necrosis or ulceration of lymphoid tissue Edema, hemorrhage, necrosis or ulceration of lymphoid tissue

27. Hemorrhagic lesions on Tracheal mucosa, Intestinal mucosa, Proventriculus Hemorrhagic lesions in intestine distinguish VVND viruses from NVND viruses. ILT virus, velogenic ND virus and AI virus

28. Ovarian follicles often flaccid, atrophic & degenerative (A). Ovarian follicles often flaccid, atrophic & degenerative (A). Ruptured eggs in the peritoneal cavity leading to egg yolk peritonitis. Chickens & turkeys inf. in lay with velogenic viruses usually have egg yolk in abdominal cavity. Hem. & discoloration of reprod. organs.

29. c) Differential Diagnosis  Highly pathogenic avian influenza  Fowl cholera  Laryngotracheitis  Coryza  Fowl pox (diphtheritic form)  Psittacosis or Pacheco’s disease  Mycoplasmosis  Infectious bronchitis  Management problems ◦ Water / feed deprivation ◦ Poor ventilation

30. d) Clinical Diagnosis and Sampling Sudden decrease in egg production Sudden decrease in egg production High morbidity and mortality High morbidity and mortality Characteristic signs and gross lesions Characteristic signs and gross lesions Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper authorities should be contacted Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to authorized laboratories to prevent the spread of the disease

31. e) Laboratory Diagnosis Virus isolation Virus isolation RT-PCR RT-PCR Serology Serology No strain information No strain information Cannot differentiate infected from vaccinated animals Cannot differentiate infected from vaccinated animals Used post-vaccination to confirm immune response Used post-vaccination to confirm immune response Haemagglutination: Haemagglutination:  Avian paramyxoviruses (including NDV) agglutinate RBCs by binding of H-N protein to receptors on RBCs’ surface. This & sp. inhibition of agglutination by antisera are powerful tools in dis. Dx.

32.  Chicken RBCs usually are used in HA tests, but NDV agglutinate all amphibian, reptilian & avian cells.  Human, mouse & guinea pig RBCs get agglutinated by all NDV strains tested, but ability to agglutinate cells of L/S mammals varied with strain of NDV.  Other avian paramyxoviruses too agglutinate various RBCs, but exact range varies with isolate & serotype.  Paramyxoviruses will agglutinate cells other than RBCs if they possess correct receptors.  Haemagglutination tests can be used to distinguish ND virus from IB virus and ILT virus.

33. Newcastle Disease in Humans Clinical Signs in Humans Eye infections Eye infections Reddening, excessive tearing, edema of lids, conjunctivitis, subconjunctival hemorrhage Reddening, excessive tearing, edema of lids, conjunctivitis, subconjunctival hemorrhage Usually transient, cornea not affected Usually transient, cornea not affected Lab workers and vaccination crews most susceptible Lab workers and vaccination crews most susceptible No human-to-human spread No human-to-human spread

34. Recommended Actions IMMEDIATELY notify authorities IMMEDIATELY notify authorities Veterinary Veterinary Quarantine Quarantine Confirmatory diagnosis Confirmatory diagnosis Depopulation may be necessary Depopulation may be necessary Destruction Destruction Exposed carcasses Exposed carcasses Litter Litter Animal products Animal products

35. Control/ Eradication Disinfection of premises Disinfection of premises Delay re- introduction of new birds for 30 days Delay re- introduction of new birds for 30 days Control insects & mice Control insects & mice Limit human traffic Limit human traffic

36. Disinfection Household bleach, 6% Household bleach, 6% Extremes in pH Extremes in pH Less than 2 or greater than 12 Less than 2 or greater than 12 Heat Heat Boiling one minute Boiling one minute Detergents Detergents Dryness Dryness Ultraviolet light and sunlight Ultraviolet light and sunlight

37. Vaccination Vaccination routine worldwide Vaccination routine worldwide Reduces clinical signs Reduces clinical signs Does not prevent virus replication or shedding Does not prevent virus replication or shedding Not an alternative to good management, biosecurity, or good hygiene Not an alternative to good management, biosecurity, or good hygiene

38. Live vaccines can be administered by inexpensive mass application tech; most commonly via drinking water. Generally, birds are kept off-water for several hrs & then vaccine is applied in fresh drinking water at concentrations carefully calculated to give each bird a sufficient dose. Addition of dried skim milk powder to drinking water somewhat stabilizes virus viability. Live vaccines can be administered by inexpensive mass application tech; most commonly via drinking water. Generally, birds are kept off-water for several hrs & then vaccine is applied in fresh drinking water at concentrations carefully calculated to give each bird a sufficient dose. Addition of dried skim milk powder to drinking water somewhat stabilizes virus viability. Mass application of live vaccines by sprays & aerosols enables large numbers of birds be vaccinated in short time. It is imp. to achieve correct size of particles by controlling conditions of aerosol generation. A cabinet for coarse-spraying of day-old chicks is widely used e.g., Hitchner B1. Hitchner B1 induces high levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM in newly hatched chicks Mass application of live vaccines by sprays & aerosols enables large numbers of birds be vaccinated in short time. It is imp. to achieve correct size of particles by controlling conditions of aerosol generation. A cabinet for coarse-spraying of day-old chicks is widely used e.g., Hitchner B1. Hitchner B1 induces high levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM in newly hatched chicks

39. Additional Resources World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) www.oie.int www.oie.int U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) www.aphis.usda.gov www.aphis.usda.gov Center for Food Security and Public Health Center for Food Security and Public Health www.cfsph.iastate.edu www.cfsph.iastate.edu USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases (“The Gray Book”) USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases (“The Gray Book”) www.usaha.org/pubs/fad.pdf www.usaha.org/pubs/fad.pdf www.usaha.org/pubs/fad.pdf

40. MCQs Choose the MOST CORRECT or THE ONLY CORRECT answer for the following questions: 1. Which of the infectious agent(s) is known to induce haemorrhagic tracheitis in chickens: a) ILT virus b) Velogenic ND virus c) ILT virus, velogenic ND virus and AI virus d) ILT virus, velogenic ND virus and IB virus e) ILT virus, velogenic ND virus, IB virus and Mycoplasma gallisepticum virus

41. 2. There was a dramatic increase in mortality in a flock of 5-week old broiler chickens. In 10 days mortality decreased significantly, but many birds in the flock developed torticollis (twisting of the neck). From this case history, which of the following diseases would be the first on your rule outs? a. Nutritional encephalomalacia, b. ND, c. MD, d. AI, e. Salmonellosis

42. 3. Haemagglutination tests can be used to distinguish between ND virus and which of the following viruses? a. ILT virus, b. IB virus and ILT virus, c. IB virus and EDS virus, d. ILT virus and EDS virus, e. None of the above choices

43. 4. Compared to the lentogenic strains of ND virus, the mesogenic strains of this virus are: a. More pathogenic b. More immunogenic c. More pathogenic and more immunogenic d. More pathogenic and less immunogenic e. Less pathogenic and more immunogenic

44. 5. Which of the following lesions characteristically found in some chicks affected with viscerotropic velogenic ND virus? a. Splenomegaly b. Consolidation of both lungs c. Haemorrhagic ulcers in small intestine d. Foci of necrosis and haemorrhages in liver e. Diphtheritic membranes on the mucosal surfaces of esophagus

45. 6. Which of the following ND virus strains vaccinates one-day old chicks by the coarse-spray method? a. Hitchner B1 b. Lasota c. Hitchner B1 and Lasota d. None of the above 7. What is the most common route of inoculating embryonated eggs for isolation of ND virus? a. Chorio-allantoic membrane b. Amniotic cavity c. Yolk sac d. Allantoic cavity

46. 8. The HI test can be used to determine the humoral immune status to which of the following viral diseases? a. ND b. ND and EDS c. ND and IB d. ND, EDS and IB e. ND, EDS and IBD

47. 9. What is the mean death time in chick embryos innoculated with a lentogenic strain of NDV? a. > 90 hrs b. 60-90 hrs c. < 60 hrs 10. Layer and breeder flocks are sometimes boosted during egg production with live ND and live IB vaccines. To maintain a protective level of immunity and also to avoid vaccine-induced drop in egg- production, it is recommended that the boosters be given every: a. 2-4 weeks b. 4-6 weeks c. 8-10 weeks d. 12-14 weeks

48. 11. The ND virus has been classified into how many pathotypes? a. 2; b. 3; c. 4; d. 5; e. 6. 12. Which of the following is NOT true for ND virus? a. It is an avian paramyxovirus serotype-2 b. It agglutinates erythrocytes of avian, mammalian and reptilian red blood cells c. There are several pathotypes of this virus d. The virus can be propagated in both turkey and chicken embryonated eggs.

49. 13. In a turkey flock vaccinated with ND vaccine, infection with which of the following viruses can cause a rapid anamnestic response in ND haemagglutination inhibition (HI) titers? a. Avian pneomovirus b. Avian influenza virus c. Paramyxovirus type-3 d. Adenovirus bgroup 1

50. 14. In the ELISA plate statistic reports, the negative/positive cut off point of which of the following assay results does not indicate the presence or absence of antibody titer in a tested serum? a. Optical density b. Serum to positive ratio c. Avg. +ve control serum d. Avg. –ve control serum e. Corrected +ve control

51. 15. Newly hatched chicks may be vaccinated in the hatchery with live vaccine for which of the following diseases? a. ND b. ND and IB c. ND and ILT d. IB and avian encephalomyelitis e. ND, IB and avian encephalomyelitis Answer Key: 1. c;2. b;3. b;4. c;5. c; 6. a;7. d;8. d;9. a; 10. c; 11. b;12. a;13. c;14. b; 15. b.