1. Overview of the First Seven Presidents 1789-1837

2. George Washington 1789-1797 No Political Party

4. Overview / Background Chairman of the Constitutional Convention Washington presided at the Convention and, although seldom participating in the debates, lent his enormous prestige to the proceedings.

5. Cabinet: –Secretary of State: Thomas Jefferson –Secretary of Treasury: Alexander Hamilton –Secretary of War: Henry Knox –Attorney General: Edmund Randolph.

6. The Development of Political Parties Controversy over the Federalists’ support for the Bank of the United States, the Jay Treaty, and the undeclared war on France contributed to the emergence of an organized opposition party, the Democratic- Republicans, led by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison.

7. The Development of Political Parties (Cont’d) The Federalists, led by John Adams and Alexander Hamilton, typically believed in a strong national government and commercial economy. They were supported by bankers and business interests in the Northeast.

8. The Development of Political Parties (Cont’d) The Democratic-Republicans believed in a weak national government and an agricultural economy. They were supported by farmers, artisans, and frontier settlers in the South.

9. The Jay Treaty: An example of partisan politics (Conflict based on loyalty to a political party and not necessarily the issue).

10. The Treaty - The British agreed to evacuate their posts in the Northwest Territory. - The British won the right to continue the fur trade with Native Americans on our side of the Canadian-US border.

11. - On the issue of seizing neutral ships, the British budged only slightly – they would continue only in certain areas. - Highly unpopular with Americans - Washington supported it which led to its ratification by the Senate in November 1794.

12. Reaction / Results – Jay's Treaty was hotly contested by the Jeffersonians in each state. They feared that closer economic ties with Britain would strengthen Hamilton's Federalist Party, promote aristocracy, and undercut republicanism.

13. Washington’s 1796 Farewell Addres s In his 1796 Farewell Address, he warned the nation to “avoid entangling alliances” and warned against political parties.

15. John Adams 1797-1801 Federalist Party

16. The Election of John Adams **The presidential election of 1796 won by John Adams proved that the peaceful transfer from one executive to another was possible in a republic.**

17. Citizenship Act: Residency Requirement raised from 5 to 14 years. Alien Act: President receives power to remove any alien from the United States during peacetime. Also permitted him to jail aliens at his pleasure during wartime.

18. Sedition Act: Provided fines and jail penalties for anyone guilty of “speaking or writing with intent to defame…or bring into contempt or disrepute the President or other members of the government.”

19. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Thomas Jefferson secretly published the Kentucky Resolutions and James Madison the Virginia Resolution in 1798 and 1799. In them, the Kentucky and Virginia legislatures took the position that the federal Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional.

20. The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions (Cont’d) The resolutions argued that the states had the right and the duty to declare unconstitutional any acts of Congress that were not authorized by the Constitution. In doing so, they argued for states’ rights and introduced the idea of nullification to American politics

22. Thomas Jefferson 1801- 1809 Democratic- Republican Party

23. The Election of 1800

24. The Election of 1800 (Cont’d) December 3, 1800: Electors meet in their states and cast votes for the next president of the United States. A tie vote between Jefferson and Aaron Burr does not become known till the end of the month.

25. The Election of 1800 (Cont’d) When this occurs, the Constitution states that the election goes to the House of Representatives to be decided. This happens on February 11, 1801.

26. The Election of 1800 (Cont’d) February 11, 1801: The electors' votes for president are officially opened and counted in Congress, which already knows that the vote is tied between Jefferson and Aaron Burr. The House of Representatives meets separately and continues balloting for six days.

27. The Election of 1800 (Cont’d) February 17, 1801: On the thirty- sixth (36 th ) ballot, Jefferson is elected president and Aaron Burr becomes vice president. Alexander Hamilton’ urging of Federalists to support Jefferson (due to his personal dislike of Burr) gives Jefferson the victory.

28. The 12 th Amendment The 12 th Amendment was added to the Constitution in 1804 as a result this election. It provided that electors in the Electoral College cast separate ballots for President and Vice-President in an election. (It replaced Article II, Section 1, Clause 3, which provided the original procedure by which the Electoral College functioned)

29. The Election of Thomas Jefferson **The presidential election of 1800, won by Thomas Jefferson, was the first American presidential election in which power was peacefully transferred from one political party to another. **

31. The Meaning of “The Providential Detection” During the presidential campaign of 1800, the Federalists attacked Thomas Jefferson as an infidel, claiming that Jefferson's intoxication with the religious and political extremism of the French Revolution disqualified him from public office. In this cartoon, the eye of God has instigated the American eagle to snatch from Jefferson's hand the "Constitution & Independence" of the United States before he can cast it on an "Altar to Gallic Despotism," whose flames are being fed by the writings of Thomas Paine, Helvetius, Rousseau, and other freethinkers. The paper, "To Mazzei," dropping from Jefferson's right hand, was a 1796 letter that was interpreted by Jefferson's enemies as an indictment of the character of George Washington.

32. The Louisiana Purchase In 1803, Jefferson purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for $15 million, which doubled the size of the United States overnight.

33. He authorized the Lewis and Clark expedition to explore the new territories that lay west of the Mississippi River. Sacagawea, an Shoshone Indian, served as their guide and translator.

35. Key Supreme Court Decisions During Jefferson and Madison Administrations Key decisions by the Supreme Court under Chief Justice John Marshall of Virginia: –Established the power of the federal courts to declare laws unconstitutional (“judicial review”—Marbury vs. Madison (1803)

36. –Prohibited the states from taxing agencies of the federal government (“the power to tax is the power to destroy”) and affirmed the doctrine of implied powers— McCulloch vs. Maryland; 1819.

37. –Declared the National Government and is laws are supreme to the State Governments and its laws. It also set a broad national view of economic affairs and affirmed the Federal Government’s power to regulate commerce- Gibbons vs. Ogden; 1824.

38. James Madison 1809- 1817 Democratic- Republican Party

39. The War of 1812 British interference with American shipping and impressment of American sailors, as well as western expansionism, fueled the call for a declaration of war. Federalists opposed Madison’s war resolution and proposed constitutional amendments, which did not pass.

40. “War Hawks” were furious over the British insulting America and wanted war. Even though the nation was unprepared, war was declared. 1812: The first 2 attempts to invade Canada prove disastrous.

41. Battle of Lake Erie by William H. Powell, painted 1865, shows Oliver Hazard Perry transferring from the Lawrence to the Niagara 1813: Captain Oliver Hazard Perry defeats a British fleet on Lake Erie. Perry’s message to William Henry Harrison is : "We have met the enemy and they are ours."

42. 1813: Two American armies score victories at the Thames River, York (now Toronto), and Fort George. However, British superiority begins to show. 1814: British landing parties burn towns along the coast and send a sizable force up the Chesapeake which defeats some hastily assembled troops.

43. The British, in revenge for the American raid on York (Toronto), burn the Capitol building, the Executive Mansion (now the White House), and other public buildings.

44. Dolly Madison saved the portrait of George Washington from the Executive Mansion (White House) when the British burn Washington D.C.

45. The British then mounted an assault on Baltimore and its defenses at Ft. McHenry in Baltimore.

46. The Star Spangled Banner written by Francis Scott Key in Baltimore Harbor while watching British bombardment of Ft. McHenry

47. The Treaty of Ghent Negotiated August-December 1814. No territory changed hands, and the pre-war issues of impressment, freedom of the seas, and the rights of neutral ships were not mentioned.

48. The Battle of New Orleans Took place January 8, 1815. Andrew Jackson and his army of between 6,000 and 7,000 troops consisted chiefly of militiamen, frontiersmen, sailors, pirates, volunteers, and free blacks from southern states defeat a British force of over 8,000 men. Proves to be the only real land victory of the war for the US.

49. The battle makes Andrew Jackson a war hero and political star.

50. Outcomes The American victory over the British in the War of 1812 produced an American claim to the Oregon Territory, and increased migration of American settlers into Florida, which was later acquired by treaty from Spain.

51. James Monroe 1817-1825 Democratic- Republican Party “ The Era of Good Feelings”

52. The Monroe Doctrine (1823) –The American continents should not be considered for future colonization by any European powers. –Nations in the Western Hemisphere were inherently different from those of Europe, republics by nature rather than monarchies.

53. –The United States would regard as a threat to its own peace and safety any attempt by European powers to impose their system on any independent state in the Western Hemisphere. –The United States would not interfere in European affairs.

56. Adams-Onis Treaty of 1819: United State acquires Florida from Spain in exchange for canceling Spain’s debts to the U.S.

57. Missouri Compromise –The Missouri Compromise (1820) drew an east-west line (36’ 30’’) through the Louisiana Purchase, with slavery prohibited above the line and allowed below, except that slavery was allowed in Missouri.

58. Missouri Compromise -Brought Missouri (Slave) into the Federal Union along with Maine (Free) to keep the balance of power even within Congress.

59. Missouri Compromise

60. John Quincy Adams 1825-1829 Democratic- Republican Party

61. The Election of 1824 –Election ended without a Candidate gaining a majority of Electoral Votes: Andrew Jackson 99, John Quincy Adams 84, William Crawford 41, and Henry Clay 37. With no clear winner the election of the President goes to the House of Representatives.

63. The Election of 1824 –Each state had one vote and the top 3 finishers in the election could receive votes; leaving Clay unable to be elected.

64. The Election of 1824 Clay believed that Adams was the best qualified to be President. He did not believe that Jackson's success as a general meant he was ready for the Presidency and thus supported Adams. Adams later selected Clay to be his Secretary of State thus opening the way for charges that it was a "corrupt bargain."

66. Andrew Jackson 1829-1837 Democratic- Party “The Rise of the Common Man”

68. Terms to Know Aristocracy: A government in which power is given to those believed to be best qualified. Aristocrat: A member of an aristocracy. Presidential veto: Power granted to the President to prevent passage of legislation.

69. Terms to Know Pocket veto: Power granted to the President to allow the indirect veto of a piece of legislation. If they receive a bill within the last ten (10) days of a congressional session and do not sign it – the bill dies.

70. Terms to Know “Spoils System”: A practice of using public offices to benefit members of the victorious party. Panic of 1837: The economic situation that resulted from reckless speculation that led to bank failures and dissatisfaction with the use of state banks as depositories for public funds.

71. The Rise of the Common Man The changing character of American politics in “the age of the common man” was characterized by: heightened emphasis on equality in the political process for adult white males the rise of interest group politics and sectional issues

72. The Rise of the Common Man (Cont’d) a changing style of campaigning – used slogans, buttons, and posters increased voter participation.

73. The Rise of the Common Man Expansion of democracy The number of eligible voters increased as previous property qualifications were eliminated. Prior to the election of 1828, the majority of the American people had been satisfied to have “aristocrats” select their President.

74. The Rise of the Common Man By 1828, Americans began to see Americans as equals and were more eager to participate in the electoral process. Delegates from states chose candidates for President at nominating conventions.

75. Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson personified the “democratic spirit” of the age by challenging the economic elite and rewarding campaign supporters with public office (Spoils System).

77. Economic Divisions The Northern states developed an industrial economy based on manufacturing. They favored high protective tariffs to protect Northern manufacturers from foreign competition.

78. The Southern states developed an agricultural economy consisting of a slavery-based system of plantations in the lowlands along the Atlantic and in the Deep South, and small subsistence farmers in the foothills and valleys of the Appalachian Mountains. The South strongly opposed high tariffs, which made the price of imported manufactured goods much more expensive.

79. The Nullification Crisis Division over the Tariff of 1832 causes conflict between the North and the South. South Carolina passes the Ordinance of Nullification in 1832 which declared the ability of a state to declare federal laws illegal.

80. The Nullification Crisis (Cont’d) Andrew Jackson signs the “Force Bill” which sends in the army to force South Carolina to submit to the U.S Government. This is known as the “Nullification Crisis”.

81. Native Americans During this early period of westward migration, the American Indians were repeatedly defeated in violent conflicts with settlers and soldiers and forcibly removed from their ancestral homelands. They were either forced to march far away from their homes (the “Trail of Tears,” when several tribes (Creek, Cherokee) were relocated from Atlantic Coast states to Oklahoma) or confined to reservations.

82. “Trail of Tears”

83. Native American Removal Routes

84. New Political Parties The Federalist Party disappeared, and new political parties, the Whigs (Nationalist Democratic Republicans who opposed Andrew Jackson) and the Know-Nothings, were organized in opposition to the Democratic Party.

85. Political Cartoons on Andrew Jackson