1. INTRODUCTION TO MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY Putting the Puzzle Together

2. Learning Objectives Learn Medical Terminology! Identify the word parts Define commonly used prefixes, roots, combining forms, and suffixes Learn basic pronunciation

3. Medical Terminology Hints Terminology is like a puzzle The best way to put the puzzle together correctly is to: Start at the end of the word and work your way back toward the beginning Analyze words by dividing them into component parts. Identify the meaning of each part Relate the medical terms to the structure and function of the human body Be aware of spelling and pronunciation problems. Memorize your word parts using flashcards

4. Origins of Medical Language Greeks and Romans documented many medical advances Hippocrates – Father of Western Medicine Terms are derived from Greek and Latin word roots Latin: describes anatomical structures Greek: describes disease processes or medical procedures affecting these structures Some contributions are German, French, English.

5. Main Objective: Learn Medical Terminology New students to Medical Terminology often bewildered by strange spelling and pronunciation. Approximately 75% of Medical Terms are based on either Greek or Latin

6. Word Parts Are the Key! Four basic types of word parts are used to create complex medical terms: Root Combining Vowel Combining Form Suffixes Prefixes

7. Root Word Main part of the word, Usually indicates the involved body part Acts as the foundation for most medical terms. All medical terms have one or more roots Examples: cardi = heart gastr = stomach neur = nerve.

8. Combining Vowel Usually the letter “O” at the end of a root word May also be an “I” Root + Combining Vowel = Combining Form Cardi + o = cardi/o heart Gastr + o = gastr/o stomach Neur + o = neur/o nerve

9. Rules for Combining Vowels A combining vowel is used when the suffix begins with a consonant (not a,e,i,o,u). Ex: -plasty. Rhinoplasty. -Plasty = Molding or forming surgically; plastic surgery A combining vowel is not used when the suffix begins with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u). Ex: -itis. Rhinitis -itis = inflammation

10. Rules for Combining A combining vowel is always used when two or more root words are joined. Ex: When gastr/o (stomach) is joined with enter/o (small intestine), the combining vowel IS used. When the suffix –itis (inflammation) is added, the combining vowel is NOT used with enter/o because –itis begins with a vowel. Gastroenteritis=inflammation of the stomach and small intestines.

11. Suffixes Word Ending Adds information or modifies root Usually, but not always, indicate the procedure, condition, disorder, or disease. All medical terms have a suffix -logy = study of Cardiology = study of the heart -ac = pertaining to Cardiac = pertaining to the heart -itis = inflammation Carditis = Inflammation of the heart -megaly = enlargement Cardiomegaly = enlarged heart

12. Prefixes Small word before the root. Pre= before Modifies the root Usually, but not always, indicate location, time, number, or status. Examples: Not all terms have prefixes Hyper- = Excessive, increased Hyperactive Hypo- = Less, decreased Hypotension Bi- = two or both bilingual Anti- = against Antibiotic Post- = behind, after Posterior

13. Word Part Guidelines A root cannot stand alone. A suffix must be added to complete the term Example = cardi/o is not a word, but add a suffix like –ologist cardi/o + ologist = cardiologist When a prefix is necessary, it is always placed at the beginning of the word. Example = nat means birth and –al means pertaining to combining these terms we get the word natal. What part of the birth are we referring to? By adding a prefix we can clarify pre- + nat + al = prenatal pertaining to before birth

14. COMBINING PARTS TO FORM WORDS 4 Standard ways: Root or combining form Phleb/o =vein Above + additional root or combining form Thrombophleb/o = clot in a vein Above + Suffix Thrombophlebitis = inflammation of a vein with clotting Prefix + above Postthrombophebitis = after inflammation of a vein with clotting (recovery)

15. Combining Review Read the meaning of the medical term from the suffix, back to the beginning of the term and then across Drop the combining vowel before a suffix beginning with a vowel. Gastritis, not ‘gastroitis’ Keep the combining vowel before a suffix beginning with a consonant Cardiology, not cardilogy Keep the combining form between two roots Electrocardiogram Osteoarthritis

16. Word Analysis HEMAT/O/LOGY    root    suffix combining vowel hemat means blood -logy means process of study

17. Word Analysis ELECTR/O/CARDI/O/GRAM      root      root   combining vowels  Suffix electr means electricity cardi means heart -gram means record

18. Types of Terminology Abbreviations Shortened version of a word ABD, AM, Ca. Symbols < µ ∆ ↑ ♀ Acronyms Are abbreviations formed from the first letter of each word in a phrase., CPR, LLQ, PERLA

19. Taking Words Apart Otorhinolaryngology -ology (suffix)-study of Laryng/o-larynx and throat Rhin/o- nose Ot/o-ear Otorhinolaryngology The study of ear, nose and throat

20. Taking Words Apart Pneumonoultramicroscopicsilicovolcanokoniosis (NOO-muh-noh-UL-truh-MY-kruh-SKOP-ik-SIL -i- koh-vol-KAY-no-KOH-nee-O-sis) Longest word in the English language -osis = Condition pneumono- (lung) ultra- (beyond, extremely) micro- (small) -scopic (looking) silico (like sand) volcano – volcano konis (dust) a lung disease caused by the inhalation of very fine silica dust causing inflammation in the lungs

21. PLURALS AND ADJECTIVES Plurals can be confusing. General rules: If term ends in an ‘a’, add an ‘e’ Vertebra, vertebrae ends in ‘is’, drop ‘is’, add ‘es’ Diagnosis, diagnoses ends in ‘ix’ or ‘ex’ drop, ‘ix’ add “ices” Appendix, appendices ends in ‘on’, drop ‘on’, and ad ‘a’ Ganglion, ganglia

22. PLURALS AND ADJECTIVES Continued ends in ‘um’, drop ‘um’, add an ‘a’ Bacterium, bacteria Ends in ‘us’, drop ‘us’, add ‘i’ Nucleus, nuclei in ‘y’, drop ‘y’, add ‘ies’ Therapy, therapies See Appendix I pg 953 for more examples

23. SPELLING IS ALWAYS IMPORTANT Changing just one or two letters can completely change the meaning of a word – and this difference literally could be a matter of life or death for the patient.

24. PRONUNCIATION General Rules: Only the s sound in ps is pronounced Pseudomonas g and c assume the soft sounds of j and s when used before e, i and y Examples: gene, gingivitis, cycle, cytology g and c have a hard sound in front of other letters Examples: cardiac, gastric, cornea, Only the n sound in pn is pronounced Pneumonia

25. Types of Terminology Abbreviations Shortened version of a word ABD, AM, Ca. Symbols < µ ∆ ↑ ♀ Acronyms Are abbreviations formed from the first letter of each word in a phrase., CPR, LLQ, PERLA

26. What is a Homonym? A word that has the same pronunciation as another. Homonyms differ from each other in: meaning origin usually spelling

27. Arterio vs Athero vs Arthro Arteri/o- Artery Arteriosclerosis = Hardening of the arteries Endatrial = Intererior lining of artery Ather/o- plaque or fatty substance Atherosclerosis = Build up of plaque Atheroma = Fatty deposite in an artery Arthr/o- joint Arthritis = Inflammation of a joint Arthralgia = Pain in a joint

28. Ileum Vs. Ilium Ileum-part of the small intestine Ilium-part of the hip bone

29. Palpation Vs. Palpitation Palpation-An examination technique in which the examiner’s hands are used to feel the texture, size, location of certain body parts Palpitation-A pounding or racing heart

30. Mucous vs Mucus Mucous – adjective Mucous membranes Mucus- noun Fluid secreted by a mucous membrane

31. Look-Alike Sound-Alike Terms and Word Parts Prostate Male gland that lies under the urinary bladder and surrounds the urethra Prostrate Means collapse and be lying flat or to be overcome with exhaustion

32. Ectomy vs. Ostomy vs. Otomy -Ectomy - Surgical removal Mastectomy- Removal of breast -ostomy - Artificial opening Colostomy -otomy – Surgical incision Episiotomy

33. -ology vs -ologist -ology – the study of Cardiology Pathology Ologist – specialist (person who studies) Cardiologist Pathologist

34. 3. Which term means inflammation of the gland? A.arthritis B.adentitis C.adenoma D.cephalic QUICK QUIZ:

35. 4.Term that means study of cells: A.cystoscopy B.cytology C.cystitis D.hematology QUICK QUIZ:

36. 5.Which suffix means to “cut out” or remove? A.-ectomy B.-scopy C.-itis D.-opsy QUICK QUIZ:

37. Basic Medical Terms Sign: objective evidence of disease that can be evaluated by the patient and other. Ex: Fever Something you can see or prove Symptom: subjective evidence of a disease, such as pain or a headache. Subjective means it can only be evaluated by the patient. What the patient feels Syndrome: set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease

38. Basic Medical Terms Diagnosis: identification of a disease State of complete knowledge; information gathered about a patient's illness. Differential Diagnosis: attempt to diagnose a disease, rule out (R/O) Prognosis: is a forecast or prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disorder. State of before knowledge

39. Basic Medical Terms Acute: disease or symptom has a rapid onset, a severe course and is relatively short duration. Chronic: Disease or symptom is of long duration. Although such disease may be controlled, they are rarely cured. Remission: Temporary, partial, or complete disappearance of the symptoms of a disease without having achieved a cure.

40. Student Workbook Learning Exercises Answer Key © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning

41. Chapter 1 Answers Matching Word Parts 1 1.1. dys- 1.2. hyper- 1.3. -megaly 1.4. -algia 1.5. -ectomy Matching Word Parts 2 1.6. -osis 1.7. -malacia 1.8. hypo- 1.9. -itis 1.10. -necrosis

42. Chapter 1 Answers Matching Word Parts 3 1.11. -rrhage 1.12. -ostomy 1.13. -otomy 1.14. -plasty 1.15. -rrhaphy Matching Word Parts 4 1.16. -scopy 1.17. -rrhexis 1.18. -stenosis 1.19. sclerosis 1.20. -rrhea

43. Chapter 1 Answers Definitions 1.21. myelopathy 1.22. hypertension 1.23. natal 1.24. symptom 1.25. disease

44. Chapter 1 Answers Matching Terms and Definitions 1 1.26. leukocyte 1.27. prognosis 1.28. edema 1.29. acute 1.30. supination

45. Chapter 1 Answers Matching Terms and Definitions 2 1.31. palpation 1.32. prostate 1.33. lesion 1.34. palpitation 1.35. laceration Which Word? 1.36. gastritis 1.37. suppuration 1.38. trauma 1.39. viral 1.40. appendectomy

46. Chapter 1 Answers Spelling Counts 1.41. eponym 1.42. inflammation 1.43. fissure 1.44. neuritis 1.45. tonsillitis Matching Terms 1.46. gastrosis 1.47. syndrome 1.48. myorrhexis 1.49. gastralgia 1.50. pyoderma

47. Chapter 1 Answers Term Selection 1.51. arteriosclerosis 1.52. sign 1.53. gastroenteritis 1.54. arthralgia 1.55. dermatologist Sentence Completion 1.56. hypotension 1.57. angiography 1.58. supracostal 1.59. differential 1.60. fistula

48. Chapter 1 Answers True/False 1.61. True 1.62. False 1.63. True 1.64. False 1.65. True Word Surgery 1.66. ot/o, rhin/o, laryng, -ology 1.67. myc, -osis 1.68. poli/o, myel, -itis 1.69. neo-, nat, -ology 1.70. end-, arteri, -al

49. Chapter 1 Answers Clinical Conditions 1.71. intramuscular 1.72. abdominocentesis 1.73. acronym 1.74. phalanges 1.75. triage

50. Chapter 1 Answers 1.76. diagnosis 1.77. pathology 1.78. remission 1.79. pyrosis 1.80. diarrhea

51. Chapter 1 Answers Which Is the Correct Medical Term? 1.81 neuroplasty 1.82. hemorrhage 1.83. arterionecrosis 1.84. intrastitial 1.85. hepatomegaly Challenge Word Building 1.86. cardiologist 1.87. rhinorrhea 1.88. arthritis 1.89. neonatologist 1.90. neurotomy

52. Chapter 1 Answers Challenge Word Building 1.91. arthroscopy 1.92. rhinalgia 1.93. neuralgia 1.94. cardiotomy 1.95. rhinitis Labeling Exercises 1.96. myel/o 1.97. my/o 1.98. myel/o 1.99. neur/o 1.100. arthr/o