1. Coordination and Subordination

2. Outline Coordination （并列）Coordination Subordination （从属）Subordination Ways of Achieving Subordination

3. Coordination Coordination is happening whenever two or more words, phrases, or clauses are joined by a coordinating conjunction— specifically, and, or, nor, but, yet, and for. As the following examples show, two or more of any type of grammatical structures can be coordinated—that is, joined by a coordinating conjunction:

4. Coordinated words and phrases: 1 ） Early in the twentieth century, beliefs in the existence of Martians （假想的火星人） drew heavily on scientific and political analogies with life on Earth. 2 ） The Second World War saw the development of radar and then the building of the giant radio telescopes. In the first example, two adjectives are coordinated—joined by “and”. In the second, two nouns are joined by “and”.

5. Coordinated dependent clauses: However, Nicolas Copernicus came to the conclusion that the Sun had to be located at the center of the cosmos and that the Earth, Moon and the planets all circle the Sun. In this example, both dependent clauses are introduced by that; they are joined by and.

6. Subordination Subordination is the transformation of an independent clause into a dependent/subordinate clause, an extended phrase (such as a gerund( 动名 词 ), participial( 分词 ), or infinitive phrase( 不定式 短语 ), or a simple noun phrase (or single noun). Subordinate clauses, which cannot stand alone, introduced by subordinating conjunctions or by relative pronouns.

7. Both subordination and coordination involve the linking of units of the same rank. But the major difference between them is that the information in subordinate clause is often placed in the background with respect to the superordinate clause. Subornation is important means to distinguish the head and the inferior. We can learn what the writer want to express and his purpose. But by coordination, the words, phrases, or clauses are in the same importance.

8. For example: The rain stopped, and the sun came out. When the rain stopped, the sun came out. In these two sentences, the first use the coordination, the second subordination. So we can see that in the first sentence the writer want to emphasize the rain and the sun. Both of them are very important. But in the second sentence, THE SUN CAME OUT is the main clause and “when the rain stopped” is just subordinate clause and used as background.

9. Ways of Achieving Subordination 1. Subordinating less important meanings The placement of a subordinator in relation to the clause it introduces may affect the meaning of a sentence. Compare the following pairs of sentences. She did not eat because she was angry. [Her anger kept her from eating. ] She was angry because she did not eat. [Her anger was caused by her not eating. ] When the police arrived, the thieves ran away. [The arrival of the police caused the thieves to run away. ] When the thieves ran away, the police arrived. [The thieves were already gone when the police got there. The sentence may imply that the police did not do their duty. ]

10. Relative pronouns( 关系代词 ) and adverbs also signal subordinate elements in a sentence. Notice how the use of these subordinators speeds up the pace of the prose and makes the line of thought( 思路 ) clearer. WITHOUT SUBORDINATORS: My cousin does my taxes every year. He is an accountant. He helps me with many suggestions. These suggestions allow me to take several deductions. These deductions reduce my tax bill considerably. WITH SUBORDINATORS: My cousin, who is an accountant, helps me with many suggestions that allow me to take several deductions that reduce my tax bill considerably.

11. Suggestion Clauses, phrases, and single words can all be subordinate units in a sentence, highlighting the major assertion of the sentence while establishing other levels of emphasis. As you rethink your first drafts, be sure to have clearly in mind the main thoughts you want to convey. Subordinate other thoughts to support those main thoughts.

12. 2. Embedding short sentences or coordinate clauses As we have seen, short sentences are easy to understand, but the effect of several of them coming one after another is monotonous, even if they are all perfectly clear and grammatical. Short sentences may also be confusing because they make it hard for readers to pick out the main line of thought in the prose. You can connect ideas by using various subordinators, and you can also use embedding techniques..

13. WITHOUT EMBEDDED ELEMENTS: She was sad. She did not look back. She went up the seawall. She was bowed by her burden of failure and sorrow and self-contempt. WITH EMBEDDED ELEMENTS: Sadly, without looking back, she went up the seawall, bowed by her burden of failure and sorrow and self-contempt. Several of the sentences in the first version have been reduced to modifiers in the second version. We say that the ideas expressed in the several sentences in the first version have embedded in the second.

14. In-Class Practice I. The following sentences contain illogical subordination or too much coordination. Rewrite each sentence to make it an effective simple or complex sentence. (1) Although the storm uprooted three of our pear trees, it blew over quickly. Key: Although the storm blew over quickly, it uprooted three of our pear trees. (2) He went to a law school, and then he joined a law firm in Miami, and we seldom saw each other anymore. Key: After he went to a law school and then joined a law firm in Miami, we seldom saw each other.

15. (3) Racing to the address given by the 911 caller, the ambulance turned on its siren. Key: Turning on its siren, the ambulance raced to the address given by the 911 caller. (4) Olivia enjoys sharing what she bakes, and she baked some apple bread this morning, and she will probably take a loaf to one of her neighbors. Key: Because Olivia enjoys sharing what she bakes, she will probably take a loaf of the apple bread that she baked this morning to one of her neighbors.

16. (5) He glanced around, noticing an opening between two rocks. Key: Glancing around, he noticed an opening between two rocks. (6) The skies were cloudy when I woke up this morning, but I went to the lake, and to my surprise the sun soon came out. Key: To my surprise the sun came out soon after I arrived at the lake, even though the skies had been cloudy when I woke up this morning.

17. (7) Though he easily won the first prize, he showed some signs of fatigue. Key: Though he showed some signs of fatigue, he easily won the first prize. (8) Miss Lambert was on a diet, and she was hungry, and Mr. Pym offered her a piece of cake, and she could not resist it. Key: Although she was on a diet, Miss Lambert could not resist the piece of cake that Mr. Pym offered her because she was hungry.

18. (9) Racing down the highway, the taxi driver was due in Shanghai before five o'clock. Key: Due in Shanghai before five o'clock, the taxi driver raced down the highway. (10) The rains had been heavy in the spring, and the lake was filling up, and some of my friends were thinking about fishing in the stream, and other friends were thinking about getting out their sailboats.

19. Key: Because the rains had been heavy in the spring and the lake was filling up, my friends were thinking either about fishing in the stream or about getting out their sailboats. 2. In each passage that follows, connect the two sentences by converting one of them into a subordinate element. Change the wording if necessary. (1)The American actor Rambo is now relaxing in New York. There he will soon play the part of Ahab in the new film Moby Dick. Key: The American actor Rambo is now relaxing in New York, where he will soon play the part of Ahab in the new film Moby Dick.

20. (2) George has worked as a ticket- taker in a movie house for the last twenty years. Nevertheless, he has managed to save enough money to buy a car. Key: Although George has worked as a ticket-taker in a movie house for the last twenty years, he has managed to save enough money to buy a car.

21. (3) In the nineteenth century gasoline cost nothing. It was considered a useless byproduct of kerosene. Key: Being considered a useless byproduct of kerosene, gasoline in the nineteenth century cost nothing.

22. (4) Faith' s mother told her she could marry any man she chose. The only condition was that he had to be a nobleman. Key: Faith' s mother told her she could marry any man she chose provided he was a nobleman. (5) I was walking across the campus. I found a twenty-dollar bill. Key: As I was walking across the campus, I found a twenty-dollar bill.

23. (6) I felt bad. I didn't tell anybody. I didn't want to go to the hospital again. Key: I didn't tell anybody that I felt bad because I didn't want to go to the hospital again. (7) The yearbook had predicted it. Within a year the twins would get married. They married twins. Key: The yearbook had predicted that within a year, the twins would get married to twins.

24. (8) Simone de Beauvoir has written a brilliant book on old age. The book condemns our society' s cruelty toward old people. Key: Simone de Beauvoir has written a brilliant book on old age, which condemns our society's cruelty toward old people.

25. (9) Tim White has become one of the most famous computer experts in the country. He is a college teacher from Florida. Key: Tim White, a college teacher from Florida, has become one of the most famous computer experts in the country.

26. (10) Jasper Johns is a world famous artist. He was born in Georgia. He spent his childhood in South Carolina. Key: Jasper Johns, a world famous artist, was born in Georgia and spent his childhood in South Carolina.