1. Launching a New Nation – Start Test 2

2. Approved in 1781 (is the war over yet?) 1 st written new government Called for a weak central gov and strong state gov. (Who holds the power with AOC?) Why would the Americans want to set up a weak government? Articles of Confederation (AoC)

3. Strengths of AoC Unified the former colonies Congress could sign treaties, raise an army and declare war

4. Weaknesses of AoC Congress must petition states for money Congress cannot tax, regulate trade or collect tariffs Each state only had 1 vote in congress regardless of size or population

5. Issues Facing the Government Debts - Paying back war debts (50 million) Money and Trade- Each state printed its own $ $$, problems trading between states – Mercantilism – the belief that a nations power was a product of wealth (trade)

6. More Problems Foreign relations - no unified support Land dispute - Western land disputes and extension of state territories Unity - no national unity

7. Land Dispute Issues: Northwest Territory Continental Congress gained right to control national domain, meaning federal govt. decides who gets to settle new territory Desired Land included: Wisconsin Michigan Illinois Indiana Ohio

8. Northwest Ordinance Sets precedent for creating states. – Includes: surveying and dividing land – Declares Slavery Illegal in Northwest Territory

9. Becoming a State Requirements for statehood admission as a new state – Appoint a territory governor – 5,000 voting residents – write a temporary constitution and elect a governor – Total population reached 60,000 free inhabitants – write a constitution and apply

10. Land Ordinances transformed the landscape of the Northwest and later the rest of the USA.

11. Shay’s Rebellion Shays’ Rebellion – 1786 – protest of farmers due to being in debt from paying high taxes to pay off A.R. war debt. consider themselves victims of Revolution

12. Importance: Showed the national governments weak ability to govern in a major situation or crisis. How does Shays’s Rebellion affect the debate over having a strong central govt. versus having a strong state government?

13. Time to fix the government Delegates for 12 states get together in Philadelphia in May 1787 at Constitutional Convention Lasted 4 months

15. Purpose – to figure out how to make the government run better Members – Founding Fathers James Madison – known as Father of Constitution Debating - over how to fix the AOC or if they should replace the AOC The Battle of - Big vs. Small states - Federal vs. State govt. - South vs. North Constitutional Convention

16. NJ Plan VA Plan Great Compromise Legislature should have two houses (bi- cameral) Representation: based on population Voting Rights: based on population Legislature would have 2 houses. 1.House of Representatives 2.Senate Bicameral House Senate: equal Representation equal vote - 1 House: Rep. / Voting based on population Called for creation of executive and judiciary branches Congress could tax and regulate foreign and interstate commerce Legislature should have one house. (unicameral) Representation: Equal – 1 representative per state Voting Rights: Equal – 1 vote per state BIG SMALL

17. Compromises 3/5ths Compromise – 3/5ths of a slave states population would be counted in determining its representation. Commerce Compromise – Slaves could be imported until the end of 1807. Congress gained the right to use tariffs on imported goods.

18. 3 Branches of Government Legislative Branch – Power to Make the Laws Executive Branch – Power to Enforce the Laws Judicial Branch – Power to Interpret the Laws

19. States Rule Federal Rule Supremacy Clause – Federal Law written in Constitution trumps State Law

20. Federalist v. Anti Federalist - Federalist - favored the Constitution (Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison) - Anti-federalist - against the Constitution because it did not contain a bill of rights (against strong central gov’t) (Patrick Henry, John Hancock, Sam Adams) Ratification

21. Ratification (to approve Constitution) - needed 9 of 13 states to agree to put into action Federalist papers - written by Hamilton, Jay & Madison - 85 essays defending the Constitution - helped turn people in favor of the Constitution – like VA and NY Constitution ratified in 1789 and Bill of Rights was added in 1791. Ratification cont…

22. What is Federalism ? Political philosophy Powers are shared between national and state governments Sovereignty (power to rule self) - constitutional split power between the state and central gov’t on some issues

24. System designed to keep all branches of government equal - each branch has equal powers - no one branch has more power than the other - Checks and Balances system establishes separation of powers among branches. What does Separation of Power mean? What does Separation of Power mean? George Mason: “The purse and the sword must not be in the same hand” not be in the same hand” Checks and Balance System

26. - George Washington was unanimously elected the first President. First Presidency

27. Influences on the New Gov’t Magna Carta Rights of Englishmen Colonial Charter - granted colonist Rights of Englishmen House of Burgesses – first elected gov’t in colonies – Jamestown, Virginia 1619 stated in Declaration of Independence and Bill of rights stated in Declaration of Independence and Bill of rights

28. Judiciary Act of 1789 – created the judicial structure – set up Supreme Court Washington develops Executive branch – no specific guidelines – First Cabinet established (Hamilton – Treasury, Jefferson – Secretary of State)

29. Debt and the Bank Debts from Revolution still a problem – Lack of federal taxes due to AoC Hamilton's Plan – tariffs and taxes to stabilize the economy

30. The Whiskey Rebellion Tax on Whiskey hurts farmers living over the Appalachian Mountains Rebellion happens as result 1 st challenge to the new government (Washington leads army and crushes it)

31. The Bank of the US Hamilton established the Bank of the US in 1791 It encourages growth (loans) Hamilton uses the elastic clause to establish bank

33. Political Parties Hamilton's Followers – Federalists Jefferson’s Followers – Democrat-Republicans

34. The Debate Begins Hamilton Lose constructionist (read between lines of the Constitution) Implied Powers Bank is necessary & proper – elastic clause Jefferson Strict constructionist (interpret word for word) Opposed bank because it was unconstitutional

35. The French Revolution Hamilton Opposed French are radicals and declare war on Great Britain Hamilton supports GB and wants to improve relations with them Jefferson Supports it French are forming a republic We signed a treaty of alliance in 1778 We owe them for their help in Revolution

36. Washington's View French Revolution – Neutrality, he does not want the new nation picking sides Political Parties – against them, afraid it will divide nation

37. Washington's Foreign Policy Jay’s Treaty – 1794 – Gives GB the right to seize American Ships bound for French ports during war – Does not pay American merchants Pinckney’s Treaty – 1789 – Gives US right to navigate Mississippi River – US can store goods in New Orleans

38. Washington's Farewell Address Gives US 3 Warnings – Avoid Sectionalism/Regionalism – Avoid Political Parties – Avoid Involvement in Foreign Wars

39. Other Advancements Eli Whitney invents the cotton gin – Made cotton production more profitable – Opened cotton farming to the south – Increased demand for slaves in south Eli Whitney also pushes the idea of interchangeable parts for guns

40. Election of 1796 Adams vs. Jefferson in election of 1796 Who wins? Who becomes VP? What does this election show about the growing danger of sectionalism?

41. Adam’s Controversies Possible war with France due to Jay’s Treaty with British. XYZ affair 1798 undeclared war with France Passes Alien and Seditions Acts

42. Alien and Sedition Acts Passed because of controversy with France Many immigrants favored the Democrat- Republicans (DR for short)

43. Acts passed by Federalist said: – Change citizenship requirement 5 to 14 years. – President could deport any alien seen as undesirable. – Jail term for those who said anything malicious against government that could not be proven. What rights does this violate?

44. Effect of Alien and Sedition Acts Many pro DR journalists, writers arrested They angered DR because they felt law targeted them Idea of nullification surfaces with Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions.

45. Virginia Resolution Virginia Resolution – Jefferson and Madison argue that a state may interpose between the federal government and the people to stop an action

46. Kentucky Resolution Kentucky Resolution – argued that if the federal government passed an unconstitutional law the states can nullify (declare invalid) it.

47. Election of 1800 Adams vs. Jefferson vs. Burr Jefferson and Burr tie – House of Representatives votes 36 times and finally elects Jefferson Adams peacefully hands over power to Jefferson – key moment in US history

48. The 12 th Amendment Ratified in 1804 Changed the electoral college to prevent issue that occurred in election of 1800 Separate electoral ballots for President and Vice President – how is that different from today?

49. Marbury v. Madison John Marshal was chief justice Federalist from SC Will he try to strengthen or weaken the federal government?

50. The Issue - Judiciary Act of 1801 Passed by Adams Administration Increased number of judges on the supreme court – known as the midnight judges What is Adams trying to do?

51. Key People Marbury was appointed as a midnight judge Madison is Jefferson's secretary of state Marbury sues Madison to get his appointment as a judge

52. Result Chief Justice Marshall decided that the constitution did not give the Supreme Ct. power to issue such orders to the executive branch, he declares that part of the Judiciary Act 1789 unconstitutional. Judicial Review – the Supreme Court has the power to declare acts of Congress constitutional or unconstitutional ( 1 st time used)

53. Goals of Jefferson Reduce the imprint/power of the federal government Reduce the importance of Hamilton's economic plan (national bank)

54. Louisiana Purchase President Jefferson buys land west of the Mississippi River from France (Napoleon), it doubled the size of the United States Jefferson thought it was unconstitutional

55. Lewis & Clark Expedition Sent by Jefferson to explore newly acquired territory They discovered the Rocky mountains and made it to the Pacific Ocean Sacagawea – Native American guide and interpreter

57. Jefferson's Foreign Policy Embargo Act of 1807 – Jefferson’s response to British and French interference in American trade Stopped all trade with Europe – it hurt American businesses and was repealed in 1809 Impressment – kidnaping US sailors and forcing them into service

58. The Next President James Madison was elected president in 1809 Was Secretary of State under Jefferson

59. The War of 1812 War between Great Britain and the US War was declared over British aggression at sea 2 nd war for US independence (war ends in 1815)

60. DC Burns During the War the US invades Canada 3 times and fails each time British invade and burn Washington, D.C. to the ground

61. The Star Spangled Banner Francis Scott Key wrote it During the bombardment of Fort McHenry Became our national anthem in 1931 Original tune was a drinking song

62. Battle of New Orleans Only major victory for the US in the war Andrew Jackson becomes a national hero Battle occurs after the peace treaty was signed but before it arrived in the US

63. Treaty of Ghent and Aftermath of War Treaty officially ends war, US and GB back to normal relations and no exchange of territory Last war between GB and US