1. BIT 115: Introduction To Programming L ECTURE 3 Instructor: Craig Duckett cduckett@cascadia.edu

2. BIT 115: Introduction To Programming2 Lecture 3 Announcements By now everyone should be up and running with Java, jGRASP, and the Becker Robots on their home or personal computers. Any Problems? Has everyone had a chance to work with the Java programs and the Becker Robots? Reading Assignment for Today Appendix F.1 – Extending a Class Chapter 2.1, 2.2 – Extending Robot Class Chapter 2.4 – Coding Style

3. 3 What? Tinnitus! That’s What!

4. 4 In-Class Exercises (ICEs) You do not have to submit ICE s, since I grade these in-class. If you finish all your ICEs early and I sign you off on them, you are done and you can leave the class early. If you are working on the ICEs until the end of class, but did not finish them, you will still get full credit for working on them, but it is HIGHLY RECOMMENDED that you finish the ICEs on your own outside of class since they have been designed to help you with the concepts that will be used in the Assignments. If you want, you can show me that you have completed the ICEs during the next ICE-time in the next Lecture. Starting with Lecture 4, I will start posting “Solutions” to most (but not all) of the ICEs.

5. 5 Assignment 1 is Due LECTURE 5 Assignment 1 is Due LECTURE 5 Zipped & Uploaded to StudentTracker by MIDNIGHT Monday, October 10 th It’s posted on the website under Assignments menu midnight –It will be due by midnight If unsure how to upload to StudentTracker, then bring your work to class, in electronic form, and we will go over how to hand in the homework: Student Tracker How to Use Student Tracker Student Tracker How to Use Student Tracker If you’re stuck, seek help –Talk to the Instructor or a classmate –Email me FYI : You should have enough information after today’s lecture to successfully complete Assignment 1 HOMEWORKHOMEWORK

6. 6 Assignment 1 (LECTURE 5) Monday, October 10 th, in StudentTracker by midnight Assignment 2 (LECTURE 9) Wednesday, October 26 th Assignment 1 Revision (LECTURE 11) Wednesday, November 2 nd Assignment 2 Revision (LECTURE 13) Wednesday, November 9 th Assignment 3 (LECTURE 15) Wednesday, November 16 th Assignment 3 Revision (LECTURE 18) Monday, November 28 th Assignment 4 (LECTURE 21) Wednesday, December 7 th Assignment 4 Revision (LECTURE 22) Monday, December 12 th Assignment Dates (By Due Date) The Fickle Finger of Fate

7. Going forward, always leave your completed quiz beside your throughout the Lecture (and the Quarter) because your Instructor will use these to learn your names 7 You each get a Quiz hand-out: Put your name on it When you think your drawing is complete, raise your hand –5 minute limit The First Quiz And Now…. The First Quiz!

8. IMPORTANT ! CityFrame – An older version of becker.jar file contained a class called CityFrame which when used looked something like this: CityFrame City = CityFrame(someCity); Please ignore any reference to this. It will, however, rear its ugly head in the ICEs and Assignments on purpose as an example of old 'legacy' code that should either be " commented out " with // or deleted altogether since it will not allow the program to run correctly! 8 Please Note! CityFrame! // CityFrame City = CityFrame(someCity);

9. Lecture 3 Lecture 3 Buckle up! This could really 9 Extending a Class : Creating a new type of Robot Style and Java Coding Conventions

10. Appendix F.1, Chapter 2.1, 2.2 Extending a Class BIT 115: Introduction To Programming10 Extension (B  extends  A) Extending the Robot Class Superclass and Subclass Constructor Adding a Method (Service) turnAround(); turnRight(); The This Keyword (Implicit Parameter) Putting It All Together

11. Constructors and Extending a Class

12. 12 Object  Class Left  Right City Bothell = new City(); City Object City Class No Arguments City Bothell = new City(8, 10); City Object City Class With Arguments Robot Robbie = new Robot(Bothell, 3, 0, Direction.EAST, 0); Robot Object Robot Class With Arguments

13. Constructors BIT 115: Introduction To Programming13 Here, when we create a new instance (an object) of the Robot class, a ‘hidden’ default constructor works in the background to make sure that Kelsey inherits all the attributes and methods available to Robots, including its placement on a particular Street and Avenue and Direction in a particular City, and that it can use all of the actions (methods) available to the Robot class (including move(), pickThing(), turnLeft(), putThing(), frontIsClear(), etc.) http://www.learningwithrobots.com/doc/

14. 14 Constructors have one purpose in life: to create an instance of a class. This can also be called creating an object, as in: The purpose of a method, by contrast is much more general. The purpose of a method is to execute Java code, to act, to allow the object to do something. Constructors

15. BIT 115: Introduction To Programming15

16. BIT 115: Introduction To Programming16 N ow … what if these is an action that you might want Kelsey to do that isn’t found in the Robot class? For instance, instead of invoking the the turnLeft() method three times, you could just call up a turnRight() ? The problem is, the Robot class does not have a turnRight() command (method). The Robot class has been finalized. You cannot add to it. The good news is, you can create a new method like turnRight() that will do what you want the robot to do! But in order to make this happen, you need to extend the Robot class … In other words, you’re going to make a new class from the Robot class so you can add new methods to it like turnRight()

17. Extending a Class 17 Class A Class B

18. Extending a Class: Where Class B extends Class A 18 In Plain Old English: Where Class B “inherits” all the attributes and actions of Class A and then adds it’s own functionality by creating new methods public class Example extends Object When we’re not interested in extending a class because we’re happy with the methods that come with that class just the way they are, then we declare our class the ‘normal’ default way: However, if we want to add new functionality (methods) to the Robot class (like turnRight) then we need to extend the Robot class (which is itself an extension of Object) public class MrRoboto extends Robot Object is the top class of all class hierarchies. When a new instance of anything is made in Java, then it inherits all the attributes and actions of the Object class. You can’t get a new object without Object. Class Hierarchy Object

19. Extending a Class: Where ClassB extends ClassA BIT 115: Introduction To Programming19 Instantiation (Instance) vs. Extension? Instantiation creates a new object from a class, but extension extends a new class from a class through inheritance, allowing for an improved class that might offer additional attributes and services (methods) not available in the original class …

20. 20 Think of it as adding an extension to a house. You still get to use all of the original house, but you also get to use the new section you added to the house

21. Extending the Robot Class BIT 115: Introduction To Programming21 public class MrRoboto extends Robot Robot MrRoboto MrRoboto “inherits” all of the Robot attributes and services and then can have additional attributes and services of its own (i.e., those not shared by Robot). extends inherits

22. Superclass and Subclass BIT 115: Introduction To Programming22 Robot MrRoboto Superclass Subclass

23. Constructor BIT 115: Introduction To Programming23 import becker.robots.*; public class MrRoboto extends Robot { public MrRoboto(City theCity, int street, int avenue, Direction aDirection) { super(theCity, street, avenue, aDirection); } //New service or services go here }

24. Constructor BIT 115: Introduction To Programming24 import becker.robots.*; public class MrRoboto extends Robot { // This declares the parameters used by Robot “inside” of MrRoboto public MrRoboto(City theCity, int street, int avenue, Direction aDirection) // This passes on information received by the parameters used by Robot ‘inside” of MrRoboto { super(theCity, street, avenue, aDirection); //Instead of Robot here, Java uses the keyword super } //New service or services go here } Constructors fulfill a special roll. They are responsible for ensuring an object is set up properly when it is created, and that it can be immediately used once it is created. This construction process is known as initialization. Two other details about constructors: they must have the same name as the class and they do not have a return type, not even a void. NOTE: We will talk briefly about return types in just a few minutes, and go over them in greater detail in an upcoming lecture.

25. Constructor BIT 115: Introduction To Programming25 public class MrRoboto extends Robot { public MrRoboto(City theCity, int street, int avenue, Direction aDirection) { super(theCity, street, avenue, aDirection); } } Robot MrRoboto

26. Constructor BIT 115: Introduction To Programming26 public class MrRoboto extends Robot { public MrRoboto(City theCity, int street, int avenue, Direction aDirection) { super(theCity, street, avenue, aDirection); } } Robot super MrRoboto

27. Constructor BIT 115: Introduction To Programming27 public class MrRoboto extends Robot { public MrRoboto(City theCity, int street, int avenue, Direction aDirection) { super(theCity, street, avenue, aDirection); } } super MrRoboto  imagine a conduit …

28. Constructor BIT 115: Introduction To Programming28 public class MrRoboto extends Robot { public MrRoboto(City theCity, int street, int avenue, Direction aDirection) { super(theCity, street, avenue, aDirection); } } super MrRoboto bothell, 3, 2, Direction.SOUTH Since MrRoboto is inheriting the Robot parameters, the Robot still needs those parameters in order for MrRoboto to inherit them. This is why it appears as if there are two sets of parameters: one set to pass through MrRoboto, a second set for Robot to receive them, where Robot sends them back to MrRoboto by extension.

29. Creating New Methods 29

30. Methods Adding New Methods (Actions) 30 public void turnAround() { this.turnLeft(); this.turnLeft(); } public void move3() { this.move(); this.move(); this.move(); } public void turnRight() { this.turnAround(); this.turnLeft(); }

31. The This Keyword 31

32. The this keyword 32 The new Java feature in the new services we created is the use of the this keyword. The keyword this is useful when you need to refer to an instance of the class from its method, but without having to refer to it by a specific name. Why? Because when you create the new method, you don’t know the name of the particular robot that is going to use it, so ‘this’ is a kind of placeholder name. The this keyword helps us to avoid name conflicts, and also creates a shortcut to having to invent a unique name for each field in the different methods. public void turnAround() { this.turnLeft(); this.turnLeft(); }

33. Putting It All Together 33 Two Ways of Doing the Same Thing, however: THE CLASS THAT CONTAINS MAIN HAS TO BE THE SAME NAME AS THE FILE Version 1: One Class MrRoboto.java Version 2: Two Classes MrRobotoMain.java

34. Putting It All Together 34 MrRoboto2.java MrRobotoTest2.java MrRoboto.java All on One FileOn Two Separate Files

35. Chapter 2.4 – Coding Conventions (Style) 35 http://javascript.crockford.com/javacodeconventions.pdf http://geosoft.no/development/javastyle.html These coding conventions are not only good for Java, but for other languages as well, including C, C++, C#, JavaScript, Perl, Python, etc., to name a few.

36. Lecture 3 ICE Lecture 3 ICE: Creating a New Type of Robot 36